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# Using Reticulum on Your System

Reticulum is not installed as a driver or kernel module, as one might expect of a networking stack. Instead, Reticulum is distributed as a Python module, containing the networking core, and a set of utility and daemon programs.

This means that no special privileges are required to install or use it. It is also very light-weight, and easy to transfer to, and install on new systems.

When you have Reticulum installed, any program or application that uses Reticulum will automatically load and initialise Reticulum when it starts, if it is not already running.

In many cases, this approach is sufficient. When any program needs to use Reticulum, it is loaded, initialised, interfaces are brought up, and the program can now communicate over any Reticulum networks available. If another program starts up and also wants access to the same Reticulum network, the already running instance is simply shared. This works for any number of programs running concurrently, and is very easy to use, but depending on your use case, there are other options.

## Configuration & Data

Reticulum stores all information that it needs to function in a single file-system directory. When Reticulum is started, it will look for a valid configuration directory in the following places:

- `/etc/reticulum`

- `~/.config/reticulum`

- `~/.reticulum`

If no existing configuration directory is found, the directory `~/.reticulum` is created, and the default configuration will be automatically created here. You can move it to one of the other locations if you wish.

It is also possible to use completely arbitrary configuration directories by specifying the relevant command-line parameters when running Reticulum-based programs. You can also run multiple separate Reticulum instances on the same physical system, either in isolation from each other, or connected together.

In most cases, a single physical system will only need to run one Reticulum instance. This can either be launched at boot, as a system service, or simply be brought up when a program needs it. In either case, any number of programs running on the same system will automatically share the same Reticulum instance, if the configuration allows for it, which it does by default.

The entire configuration of Reticulum is found in the `~/.reticulum/config` file. When Reticulum is first started on a new system, a basic, but fully functional configuration file is created. The default configuration looks like this:

    # This is the default Reticulum config file.
    # You should probably edit it to include any additional,
    # interfaces and settings you might need.

    # Only the most basic options are included in this default
    # configuration. To see a more verbose, and much longer,
    # configuration example, you can run the command:
    # rnsd --exampleconfig

    [reticulum]

    # If you enable Transport, your system will route traffic
    # for other peers, pass announces and serve path requests.
    # This should only be done for systems that are suited to
    # act as transport nodes, ie. if they are stationary and
    # always-on. This directive is optional and can be removed
    # for brevity.

    enable_transport = False

    # By default, the first program to launch the Reticulum
    # Network Stack will create a shared instance, that other
    # programs can communicate with. Only the shared instance
    # opens all the configured interfaces directly, and other
    # local programs communicate with the shared instance over
    # a local socket. This is completely transparent to the
    # user, and should generally be turned on. This directive
    # is optional and can be removed for brevity.

    share_instance = Yes

    # If you want to run multiple *different* shared instances
    # on the same system, you will need to specify different
    # shared instance ports for each. The defaults are given
    # below, and again, these options can be left out if you
    # don't need them.

    shared_instance_port = 37428
    instance_control_port = 37429

    # On systems where running instances may not have access
    # to the same shared Reticulum configuration directory,
    # it is still possible to allow full interactivity for
    # running instances, by manually specifying a shared RPC
    # key. In almost all cases, this option is not needed, but
    # it can be useful on operating systems such as Android.
    # The key must be specified as bytes in hexadecimal.

    # rpc_key = e5c032d3ec4e64a6aca9927ba8ab73336780f6d71790

    # You can configure Reticulum to panic and forcibly close
    # if an unrecoverable interface error occurs, such as the
    # hardware device for an interface disappearing. This is
    # an optional directive, and can be left out for brevity.
    # This behaviour is disabled by default.

    panic_on_interface_error = No

    # When Transport is enabled, it is possible to allow the
    # Transport Instance to respond to probe requests from
    # the rnprobe utility. This can be a useful tool to test
    # connectivity. When this option is enabled, the probe
    # destination will be generated from the Identity of the
    # Transport Instance, and printed to the log at startup.
    # Optional, and disabled by default.

    respond_to_probes = No

    [logging]
    # Valid log levels are 0 through 7:
    #   0: Log only critical information
    #   1: Log errors and lower log levels
    #   2: Log warnings and lower log levels
    #   3: Log notices and lower log levels
    #   4: Log info and lower (this is the default)
    #   5: Verbose logging
    #   6: Debug logging
    #   7: Extreme logging

    loglevel = 4

    # The interfaces section defines the physical and virtual
    # interfaces Reticulum will use to communicate on. This
    # section will contain examples for a variety of interface
    # types. You can modify these or use them as a basis for
    # your own config, or simply remove the unused ones.

    [interfaces]

      # This interface enables communication with other
      # link-local Reticulum nodes over UDP. It does not
      # need any functional IP infrastructure like routers
      # or DHCP servers, but will require that at least link-
      # local IPv6 is enabled in your operating system, which
      # should be enabled by default in almost any OS. See
      # the Reticulum Manual for more configuration options.

      [[Default Interface]]
        type = AutoInterface
        interface_enabled = True

If Reticulum infrastructure already exists locally, you probably don’t need to change anything, and you may already be connected to a wider network. If not, you will probably need to add relevant interfaces to the configuration, in order to communicate with other systems.

You can generate a much more verbose configuration example by running the command:

`rnsd --exampleconfig`

The output includes examples for most interface types supported by Reticulum, along with additional options and configuration parameters.

It is a good idea to read the comments and explanations in the above default config. It will teach you the basic concepts you need to understand to configure your network. Once you have done that, take a look at the Interfaces chapter of this manual.

## Included Utility Programs

Reticulum includes a range of useful utilities, both for managing your Reticulum networks, and for carrying out common tasks over Reticulum networks, such as transferring files to remote systems, and executing commands and programs remotely.

If you often use Reticulum from several different programs, or simply want Reticulum to stay available all the time, for example if you are hosting a transport node, you might want to run Reticulum as a separate service that other programs, applications and services can utilise.

### The rnsd Utility

It is very easy to run Reticulum as a service. Simply run the included `rnsd` command. When `rnsd` is running, it will keep all configured interfaces open, handle transport if it is enabled, and allow any other programs to immediately utilise the Reticulum network it is configured for.

You can even run multiple instances of `rnsd` with different configurations on the same system.

Usage Examples

Run `rnsd`:

    $ rnsd

    [2023-08-18 17:59:56] [Notice] Started rnsd version 0.5.8

Run `rnsd` in service mode, ensuring all logging output is sent directly to file:

    $ rnsd -s

Generate a verbose and detailed configuration example, with explanations of all the various configuration options, and interface configuration examples:

    $ rnsd --exampleconfig

All Command-Line Options

    usage: rnsd.py [-h] [--config CONFIG] [-v] [-q] [-s] [--exampleconfig] [--version]

    Reticulum Network Stack Daemon

    options:
      -h, --help       show this help message and exit
      --config CONFIG  path to alternative Reticulum config directory
      -v, --verbose
      -q, --quiet
      -s, --service    rnsd is running as a service and should log to file
      --exampleconfig  print verbose configuration example to stdout and exit
      --version        show program's version number and exit

You can easily add `rnsd` as an always-on service by configuring a service.

### The rnstatus Utility

Using the `rnstatus` utility, you can view the status of configured Reticulum interfaces, similar to the `ifconfig` program.

Usage Examples

Run `rnstatus`:

    $ rnstatus

    Shared Instance[37428]
       Status  : Up
       Serving : 1 program
       Rate    : 1.00 Gbps
       Traffic : 83.13 KB↑
                 86.10 KB↓

    AutoInterface[Local]
       Status  : Up
       Mode    : Full
       Rate    : 10.00 Mbps
       Peers   : 1 reachable
       Traffic : 63.23 KB↑
                 80.17 KB↓

    TCPInterface[RNS Testnet Dublin/dublin.connect.reticulum.network:4965]
       Status  : Up
       Mode    : Full
       Rate    : 10.00 Mbps
       Traffic : 187.27 KB↑
                 74.17 KB↓

    RNodeInterface[RNode UHF]
       Status  : Up
       Mode    : Access Point
       Rate    : 1.30 kbps
       Access  : 64-bit IFAC by <…e702c42ba8>
       Traffic : 8.49 KB↑
                 9.23 KB↓

    Reticulum Transport Instance <5245a8efe1788c6a1cd36144a270e13b> running

Filter output to only show some interfaces:

    $ rnstatus rnode

    RNodeInterface[RNode UHF]
       Status  : Up
       Mode    : Access Point
       Rate    : 1.30 kbps
       Access  : 64-bit IFAC by <…e702c42ba8>
       Traffic : 8.49 KB↑
                 9.23 KB↓

    Reticulum Transport Instance <5245a8efe1788c6a1cd36144a270e13b> running

All Command-Line Options

    usage: rnstatus [-h] [--config CONFIG] [--version] [-a] [-A]
                    [-l] [-s SORT] [-r] [-j] [-R hash] [-i path]
                    [-w seconds] [-v] [filter]

    Reticulum Network Stack Status

    positional arguments:
      filter                only display interfaces with names including filter

    options:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
      --config CONFIG       path to alternative Reticulum config directory
      --version             show program's version number and exit
      -a, --all             show all interfaces
      -A, --announce-stats  show announce stats
      -l, --link-stats      show link stats
      -s SORT, --sort SORT  sort interfaces by [rate, traffic, rx, tx, announces, arx, atx, held]
      -r, --reverse         reverse sorting
      -j, --json            output in JSON format
      -R hash               transport identity hash of remote instance to get status from
      -i path               path to identity used for remote management
      -w seconds            timeout before giving up on remote queries
      -v, --verbose

### The rnid Utility

With the `rnid` utility, you can generate, manage and view Reticulum Identities. The program can also calculate Destination hashes, and perform encryption and decryption of files.

Using `rnid`, it is possible to asymmetrically encrypt files and information for any Reticulum destination hash, and also to create and verify cryptographic signatures.

Usage Examples

Generate a new Identity:

    $ rnid -g ./new_identity

Display Identity key information:

    $ rnid -i ./new_identity -p

    Loaded Identity <984b74a3f768bef236af4371e6f248cd> from new_id
    Public Key  : 0f4259fef4521ab75a3409e353fe9073eb10783b4912a6a9937c57bf44a62c1e
    Private Key : Hidden

Encrypt a file for an LXMF user:

    $ rnid -i 8dd57a738226809646089335a6b03695 -e my_file.txt

    Recalled Identity <bc7291552be7a58f361522990465165c> for destination <8dd57a738226809646089335a6b03695>
    Encrypting my_file.txt
    File my_file.txt encrypted for <bc7291552be7a58f361522990465165c> to my_file.txt.rfe

If the Identity for the destination is not already known, you can fetch it from the network by using the `-R` command-line option:

    $ rnid -R -i 30602def3b3506a28ed33db6f60cc6c9 -e my_file.txt

    Requesting unknown Identity for <30602def3b3506a28ed33db6f60cc6c9>...
    Received Identity <2b489d06eaf7c543808c76a5332a447d> for destination <30602def3b3506a28ed33db6f60cc6c9> from the network
    Encrypting my_file.txt
    File my_file.txt encrypted for <2b489d06eaf7c543808c76a5332a447d> to my_file.txt.rfe

Decrypt a file using the Reticulum Identity it was encrypted for:

    $ rnid -i ./my_identity -d my_file.txt.rfe

    Loaded Identity <2225fdeecaf6e2db4556c3c2d7637294> from ./my_identity
    Decrypting ./my_file.txt.rfe...
    File ./my_file.txt.rfe decrypted with <2225fdeecaf6e2db4556c3c2d7637294> to ./my_file.txt

All Command-Line Options

    usage: rnid.py [-h] [--config path] [-i identity] [-g path] [-v] [-q] [-a aspects]
                   [-H aspects] [-e path] [-d path] [-s path] [-V path] [-r path] [-w path]
                   [-f] [-R] [-t seconds] [-p] [-P] [--version]

    Reticulum Identity & Encryption Utility

    options:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
      --config path         path to alternative Reticulum config directory
      -i identity, --identity identity
                            hexadecimal Reticulum Destination hash or path to Identity file
      -g path, --generate path
                            generate a new Identity
      -v, --verbose         increase verbosity
      -q, --quiet           decrease verbosity
      -a aspects, --announce aspects
                            announce a destination based on this Identity
      -H aspects, --hash aspects
                            show destination hashes for other aspects for this Identity
      -e path, --encrypt path
                            encrypt file
      -d path, --decrypt path
                            decrypt file
      -s path, --sign path  sign file
      -V path, --validate path
                            validate signature
      -r path, --read path  input file path
      -w path, --write path
                            output file path
      -f, --force           write output even if it overwrites existing files
      -R, --request         request unknown Identities from the network
      -t seconds            identity request timeout before giving up
      -p, --print-identity  print identity info and exit
      -P, --print-private   allow displaying private keys
      --version             show program's version number and exit

### The rnpath Utility

With the `rnpath` utility, you can look up and view paths for destinations on the Reticulum network.

Usage Examples

Resolve path to a destination:

    $ rnpath c89b4da064bf66d280f0e4d8abfd9806

    Path found, destination <c89b4da064bf66d280f0e4d8abfd9806> is 4 hops away via <f53a1c4278e0726bb73fcc623d6ce763> on TCPInterface[Testnet/dublin.connect.reticulum.network:4965]

All Command-Line Options

    usage: rnpath [-h] [--config CONFIG] [--version] [-t] [-m hops]
                  [-r] [-d] [-D] [-x] [-w seconds] [-R hash] [-i path]
                  [-W seconds] [-j] [-v] [destination]

    Reticulum Path Discovery Utility

    positional arguments:
      destination           hexadecimal hash of the destination

    options:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
      --config CONFIG       path to alternative Reticulum config directory
      --version             show program's version number and exit
      -t, --table           show all known paths
      -m hops, --max hops   maximum hops to filter path table by
      -r, --rates           show announce rate info
      -d, --drop            remove the path to a destination
      -D, --drop-announces  drop all queued announces
      -x, --drop-via        drop all paths via specified transport instance
      -w seconds            timeout before giving up
      -R hash               transport identity hash of remote instance to manage
      -i path               path to identity used for remote management
      -W seconds            timeout before giving up on remote queries
      -j, --json            output in JSON format
      -v, --verbose

### The rnprobe Utility

The `rnprobe` utility lets you probe a destination for connectivity, similar to the `ping` program. Please note that probes will only be answered if the specified destination is configured to send proofs for received packets. Many destinations will not have this option enabled, so most destinations will not be probable.

You can enable a probe-reply destination on Reticulum Transport Instances by setting the `respond_to_probes` configuration directive. Reticulum will then print the probe destination to the log on Transport Instance startup.

Usage Examples

Probe a destination:

    $ rnprobe rnstransport.probe 2d03725b327348980d570f739a3a5708

    Sent 16 byte probe to <2d03725b327348980d570f739a3a5708>
    Valid reply received from <2d03725b327348980d570f739a3a5708>
    Round-trip time is 38.469 milliseconds over 2 hops

Send a larger probe:

    $ rnprobe rnstransport.probe 2d03725b327348980d570f739a3a5708 -s 256

    Sent 16 byte probe to <2d03725b327348980d570f739a3a5708>
    Valid reply received from <2d03725b327348980d570f739a3a5708>
    Round-trip time is 38.781 milliseconds over 2 hops

If the interface that receives the probe replies supports reporting radio parameters such as RSSI and SNR, the `rnprobe` utility will print these as part of the result as well.

    $ rnprobe rnstransport.probe e7536ee90bd4a440e130490b87a25124

    Sent 16 byte probe to <e7536ee90bd4a440e130490b87a25124>
    Valid reply received from <e7536ee90bd4a440e130490b87a25124>
    Round-trip time is 1.809 seconds over 1 hop [RSSI -73 dBm] [SNR 12.0 dB]

All Command-Line Options

    usage: rnprobe [-h] [--config CONFIG] [-s SIZE] [-n PROBES]
                   [-t seconds] [-w seconds] [--version] [-v]
                   [full_name] [destination_hash]

    Reticulum Probe Utility

    positional arguments:
      full_name             full destination name in dotted notation
      destination_hash      hexadecimal hash of the destination

    options:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
      --config CONFIG       path to alternative Reticulum config directory
      -s SIZE, --size SIZE  size of probe packet payload in bytes
      -n PROBES, --probes PROBES
                            number of probes to send
      -t seconds, --timeout seconds
                            timeout before giving up
      -w seconds, --wait seconds
                            time between each probe
      --version             show program's version number and exit
      -v, --verbose

### The rncp Utility

The `rncp` utility is a simple file transfer tool. Using it, you can transfer files through Reticulum.

Usage Examples

Run rncp on the receiving system, specifying which identities are allowed to send files:

    $ rncp --listen -a 1726dbad538775b5bf9b0ea25a4079c8 -a c50cc4e4f7838b6c31f60ab9032cbc62

You can also specify allowed identity hashes (one per line) in the file ~/.rncp/allowed_identities and simply running the program in listener mode:

    $ rncp --listen

From another system, copy a file to the receiving system:

    $ rncp ~/path/to/file.tgz 73cbd378bb0286ed11a707c13447bb1e

Or fetch a file from the remote system:

    $ rncp --fetch ~/path/to/file.tgz 73cbd378bb0286ed11a707c13447bb1e

All Command-Line Options

    usage: rncp [-h] [--config path] [-v] [-q] [-S] [-l] [-F] [-f]
                [-j path] [-b seconds] [-a allowed_hash] [-n] [-p]
                [-w seconds] [--version] [file] [destination]

    Reticulum File Transfer Utility

    positional arguments:
      file                  file to be transferred
      destination           hexadecimal hash of the receiver

    options:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
      --config path         path to alternative Reticulum config directory
      -v, --verbose         increase verbosity
      -q, --quiet           decrease verbosity
      -S, --silent          disable transfer progress output
      -l, --listen          listen for incoming transfer requests
      -F, --allow-fetch     allow authenticated clients to fetch files
      -f, --fetch           fetch file from remote listener instead of sending
      -j path, --jail path  restrict fetch requests to specified path
      -b seconds            announce interval, 0 to only announce at startup
      -a allowed_hash       allow this identity
      -n, --no-auth         accept requests from anyone
      -p, --print-identity  print identity and destination info and exit
      -w seconds            sender timeout before giving up
      --version             show program's version number and exit

### The rnx Utility

The `rnx` utility is a basic remote command execution program. It allows you to execute commands on remote systems over Reticulum, and to view returned command output. For a fully interactive remote shell solution, be sure to also take a look at the rnsh program.

Usage Examples

Run rnx on the listening system, specifying which identities are allowed to execute commands:

    $ rnx --listen -a 941bed5e228775e5a8079fc38b1ccf3f -a 1b03013c25f1c2ca068a4f080b844a10

From another system, run a command on the remote:

    $ rnx 7a55144adf826958a9529a3bcf08b149 "cat /proc/cpuinfo"

Or enter the interactive mode pseudo-shell:

    $ rnx 7a55144adf826958a9529a3bcf08b149 -x

The default identity file is stored in `~/.reticulum/identities/rnx`, but you can use another one, which will be created if it does not already exist

    $ rnx 7a55144adf826958a9529a3bcf08b149 -i /path/to/identity -x

All Command-Line Options

    usage: rnx [-h] [--config path] [-v] [-q] [-p] [-l] [-i identity] [-x] [-b] [-n] [-N]
               [-d] [-m] [-a allowed_hash] [-w seconds] [-W seconds] [--stdin STDIN]
               [--stdout STDOUT] [--stderr STDERR] [--version] [destination] [command]

    Reticulum Remote Execution Utility

    positional arguments:
      destination           hexadecimal hash of the listener
      command               command to be execute

    optional arguments:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
      --config path         path to alternative Reticulum config directory
      -v, --verbose         increase verbosity
      -q, --quiet           decrease verbosity
      -p, --print-identity  print identity and destination info and exit
      -l, --listen          listen for incoming commands
      -i identity           path to identity to use
      -x, --interactive     enter interactive mode
      -b, --no-announce     don't announce at program start
      -a allowed_hash       accept from this identity
      -n, --noauth          accept files from anyone
      -N, --noid            don't identify to listener
      -d, --detailed        show detailed result output
      -m                    mirror exit code of remote command
      -w seconds            connect and request timeout before giving up
      -W seconds            max result download time
      --stdin STDIN         pass input to stdin
      --stdout STDOUT       max size in bytes of returned stdout
      --stderr STDERR       max size in bytes of returned stderr
      --version             show program's version number and exit

### The rnodeconf Utility

The `rnodeconf` utility allows you to inspect and configure existing RNodes, and to create and provision new RNodes from any supported hardware devices.

All Command-Line Options

    usage: rnodeconf [-h] [-i] [-a] [-u] [-U] [--fw-version version]
                     [--fw-url url] [--nocheck] [-e] [-E] [-C]
                     [--baud-flash baud_flash] [-N] [-T] [-b] [-B] [-p] [-D i]
                     [--display-addr byte] [--freq Hz] [--bw Hz] [--txp dBm]
                     [--sf factor] [--cr rate] [--eeprom-backup] [--eeprom-dump]
                     [--eeprom-wipe] [-P] [--trust-key hexbytes] [--version] [-f]
                     [-r] [-k] [-S] [-H FIRMWARE_HASH] [--platform platform]
                     [--product product] [--model model] [--hwrev revision]
                     [port]

    RNode Configuration and firmware utility. This program allows you to change
    various settings and startup modes of RNode. It can also install, flash and
    update the firmware on supported devices.

    positional arguments:
      port                  serial port where RNode is attached

    options:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
      -i, --info            Show device info
      -a, --autoinstall     Automatic installation on various supported devices
      -u, --update          Update firmware to the latest version
      -U, --force-update    Update to specified firmware even if version matches
                            or is older than installed version
      --fw-version version  Use a specific firmware version for update or
                            autoinstall
      --fw-url url          Use an alternate firmware download URL
      --nocheck             Don't check for firmware updates online
      -e, --extract         Extract firmware from connected RNode for later use
      -E, --use-extracted   Use the extracted firmware for autoinstallation or
                            update
      -C, --clear-cache     Clear locally cached firmware files
      --baud-flash baud_flash
                            Set specific baud rate when flashing device. Default
                            is 921600
      -N, --normal          Switch device to normal mode
      -T, --tnc             Switch device to TNC mode
      -b, --bluetooth-on    Turn device bluetooth on
      -B, --bluetooth-off   Turn device bluetooth off
      -p, --bluetooth-pair  Put device into bluetooth pairing mode
      -D i, --display i     Set display intensity (0-255)
      --display-addr byte   Set display address as hex byte (00 - FF)
      --freq Hz             Frequency in Hz for TNC mode
      --bw Hz               Bandwidth in Hz for TNC mode
      --txp dBm             TX power in dBm for TNC mode
      --sf factor           Spreading factor for TNC mode (7 - 12)
      --cr rate             Coding rate for TNC mode (5 - 8)
      --eeprom-backup       Backup EEPROM to file
      --eeprom-dump         Dump EEPROM to console
      --eeprom-wipe         Unlock and wipe EEPROM
      -P, --public          Display public part of signing key
      --trust-key hexbytes  Public key to trust for device verification
      --version             Print program version and exit
      -f, --flash           Flash firmware and bootstrap EEPROM
      -r, --rom             Bootstrap EEPROM without flashing firmware
      -k, --key             Generate a new signing key and exit
      -S, --sign            Display public part of signing key
      -H FIRMWARE_HASH, --firmware-hash FIRMWARE_HASH
                            Display installed firmware hash
      --platform platform   Platform specification for device bootstrap
      --product product     Product specification for device bootstrap
      --model model         Model code for device bootstrap
      --hwrev revision      Hardware revision for device bootstrap

For more information on how to create your own RNodes, please read the Creating RNodes section of this manual.

## Remote Management

It is possible to allow remote management of Reticulum systems using the various built-in utilities, such as `rnstatus` and `rnpath`. To do so, you will need to set the `enable_remote_management` directive in the `[reticulum]` section of the configuration file. You will also need to specify one or more Reticulum Identity hashes for authenticating the queries from client programs. For this purpose, you can use existing identity files, or generate new ones with the rnid utility.

The following is a truncated example of enabling remote management in the Reticulum configuration file:

    [reticulum]
    ...
    enable_remote_management = yes
    remote_management_allowed = 9fb6d773498fb3feda407ed8ef2c3229, 2d882c5586e548d79b5af27bca1776dc
    ...

For a complete example configuration, you can run `rnsd --exampleconfig`.

## Improving System Configuration

If you are setting up a system for permanent use with Reticulum, there is a few system configuration changes that can make this easier to administrate. These changes will be detailed here.

### Fixed Serial Port Names

On a Reticulum instance with several serial port based interfaces, it can be beneficial to use the fixed device names for the serial ports, instead of the dynamically allocated shorthands such as `/dev/ttyUSB0`. Under most Debian-based distributions, including Ubuntu and Raspberry Pi OS, these nodes can be found under `/dev/serial/by-id`.

You can use such a device path directly in place of the numbered shorthands. Here is an example of a packet radio TNC configured as such:

    [[Packet Radio KISS Interface]]
      type = KISSInterface
      interface_enabled = True
      outgoing = true
      port = /dev/serial/by-id/usb-FTDI_FT230X_Basic_UART_43891CKM-if00-port0
      speed = 115200
      databits = 8
      parity = none
      stopbits = 1
      preamble = 150
      txtail = 10
      persistence = 200
      slottime = 20

Using this methodology avoids potential naming mix-ups where physical devices might be plugged and unplugged in different orders, or when device name assignment varies from one boot to another.

### Reticulum as a System Service

Instead of starting Reticulum manually, you can install `rnsd` as a system service and have it start automatically at boot.

#### Systemwide Service

If you installed Reticulum with `pip`, the `rnsd` program will most likely be located in a user-local installation path only, which means `systemd` will not be able to execute it. In this case, you can simply symlink the `rnsd` program into a directory that is in systemd’s path:

    sudo ln -s $(which rnsd) /usr/local/bin/

You can then create the service file `/etc/systemd/system/rnsd.service` with the following content:

    [Unit]
    Description=Reticulum Network Stack Daemon
    After=multi-user.target

    [Service]
    # If you run Reticulum on WiFi devices,
    # or other devices that need some extra
    # time to initialise, you might want to
    # add a short delay before Reticulum is
    # started by systemd:
    # ExecStartPre=/bin/sleep 10
    Type=simple
    Restart=always
    RestartSec=3
    User=USERNAMEHERE
    ExecStart=rnsd --service

    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target

Be sure to replace `USERNAMEHERE` with the user you want to run `rnsd` as.

To manually start `rnsd` run:

    sudo systemctl start rnsd

If you want to automatically start `rnsd` at boot, run:

    sudo systemctl enable rnsd

#### Userspace Service

Alternatively you can use a user systemd service instead of a system wide one. This way the whole setup can be done as a regular user. Create a user systemd service files `~/.config/systemd/user/rnsd.service` with the following content:

    [Unit]
    Description=Reticulum Network Stack Daemon
    After=default.target

    [Service]
    # If you run Reticulum on WiFi devices,
    # or other devices that need some extra
    # time to initialise, you might want to
    # add a short delay before Reticulum is
    # started by systemd:
    # ExecStartPre=/bin/sleep 10
    Type=simple
    Restart=always
    RestartSec=3
    ExecStart=RNS_BIN_DIR/rnsd --service

    [Install]
    WantedBy=default.target

Replace `RNS_BIN_DIR` with the path to your Reticulum binary directory (eg. /home/USERNAMEHERE/rns/bin).

Start user service:

    systemctl --user daemon-reload
    systemctl --user start rnsd.service

If you want to automatically start `rnsd` without having to log in as the USERNAMEHERE, do:

    sudo loginctl enable-linger USERNAMEHERE
    systemctl --user enable rnsd.service