---
title: 'HTML'
sidebar_label: Introduction
description: 'The procedural macro for generating HTML and SVG'
---

import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs'
import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem'

The `html!` macro allows you to write HTML and SVG code declaratively. It is similar to JSX
\(an extension to JavaScript which allows you to write HTML-like code inside of JavaScript\).

**Important notes**

1. The `html!` macro only accepts one root html node \(you can counteract this by
   [using fragments or iterators](./../html/lists.mdx)\)
2. An empty `html! {}` invocation is valid and will not render anything
3. Literals must always be quoted and wrapped in braces: `html! { "Hello, World" }`
4. The `html!` macro will make all tag names lowercase. To use uppercase characters (which are required for some SVG elements) you must use [`VTag::new`](https://docs.rs/yew/latest/yew/virtual_dom/struct.VTag.html#method.new) to create elements directly and add [attributes](https://docs.rs/yew/latest/yew/virtual_dom/struct.VTag.html#method.add_attribute) and [children](https://docs.rs/yew/latest/yew/virtual_dom/struct.VTag.html#method.add_child) manually instead of using the macro. There is a more ergonomic solution to this in Yew Next.

:::note
The `html!` macro can reach the default recursion limit of the compiler. If you encounter compilation errors, add an attribute like `#![recursion_limit="1024"]` in the crate root to overcome the problem.
:::

## Tag Structure

Tags are based on HTML tags. Components, Elements, and Lists are all based on this tag syntax.

Tags must either self-close `<... />` or have a corresponding end tag for each start tag.

<Tabs>
  <TabItem value="Open - Close" label="Open - Close" default>

```rust
use yew::html;

html! {
  <div id="my_div"></div>
};
```

  </TabItem>
  <TabItem value="Invalid" label="Invalid">

```rust ,compile_fail
use yew::html;

html! {
  <div id="my_div"> // <- MISSING CLOSE TAG
};
```

  </TabItem>
</Tabs>

<Tabs>
  <TabItem value="Self-closing" label="Self-closing">

```rust
use yew::html;

html! {
  <input id="my_input" />
};
```

  </TabItem>
  <TabItem value="Invalid" label="Invalid">

```rust ,compile_fail
use yew::html;

html! {
  <input id="my_input"> // <- MISSING SELF-CLOSE
};
```

  </TabItem>
</Tabs>

:::tip
For convenience, elements which _usually_ require a closing tag are **allowed** to self-close. For example, writing `html! { <div class="placeholder" /> }` is valid.
:::

## Children

Create complex nested HTML and SVG layouts with ease:

<Tabs>
  <TabItem value="HTML" label="HTML">

```rust
use yew::html;

html! {
    <div>
        <div data-key="abc"></div>
        <div class="parent">
            <span class="child" value="anything"></span>
            <label for="first-name">{ "First Name" }</label>
            <input type="text" id="first-name" value="placeholder" />
            <input type="checkbox" checked=true />
            <textarea value="write a story" />
            <select name="status">
                <option selected=true disabled=false value="">{ "Selected" }</option>
                <option selected=false disabled=true value="">{ "Unselected" }</option>
            </select>
        </div>
    </div>
};
```

  </TabItem>
  <TabItem value="SVG" label="SVG">

:::caution
The `html!` macro will convert all tag names to lowercase but some SVG elements require uppercase characters.

See above for a workaround.
:::

```rust
use yew::html;

html! {
    <svg width="149" height="147" viewBox="0 0 149 147" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
        <path d="M60.5776 13.8268L51.8673 42.6431L77.7475 37.331L60.5776 13.8268Z" fill="#DEB819"/>
        <path d="M108.361 94.9937L138.708 90.686L115.342 69.8642" stroke="black" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
        <g>
            <circle cx="75.3326" cy="73.4918" r="55" fill="#FDD630"/>
            <circle cx="75.3326" cy="73.4918" r="52.5" stroke="black" stroke-width="5"/>
        </g>
        <circle cx="71" cy="99" r="5" fill="white" fill-opacity="0.75" stroke="black" stroke-width="3"/>
    </svg>
};
```

  </TabItem>
</Tabs>

## Lints

If you compile Yew using a nightly version of the Rust compiler, the macro will warn you about some
common pitfalls that you might run into. Of course, you may need to use the stable compiler (e.g.
your organization might have a policy mandating it) for release builds, but even if you're using a
stable toolchain, running `cargo +nightly check` might flag some ways that you could improve your
HTML code.

At the moment the lints are mostly accessibility-related. If you have ideas for lints, please feel
free to [chime in on this issue](https://github.com/yewstack/yew/issues/1334).

## Special properties

There are special properties which don't directly influence the DOM but instead act as instructions to Yew's virtual DOM.
Currently, there are two such special props: `ref` and `key`.

`ref` allows you to access and manipulate the underlying DOM node directly. See [Refs](../components/refs) for more details.

`key` on the other hand gives an element a unique identifier which Yew can use for optimization purposes.

:::important
The documentation for keys is yet to be written. See [#1263](https://github.com/yewstack/yew/issues/1263).

For now, use keys when you have a list where the order of elements changes. This includes inserting or removing elements from anywhere but the end of the list.
:::

## If blocks

To conditionally render some markup, we wrap it in an `if` block:

<Tabs>
  <TabItem value="if" label="if">

```rust
use yew::html;

html! {
    if true {
        <p>{ "True case" }</p>
    }
};
```

  </TabItem>
  <TabItem value="if - else" label="if - else">

```rust
use yew::html;
let some_condition = true;

html! {
    if some_condition {
        <p>{ "True case" }</p>
    } else {
        <p>{ "False case" }</p>
    }
};
```

  </TabItem>
  <TabItem value="if let" label="if let">

```rust
use yew::html;
let some_text = Some("text");

html! {
    if let Some(text) = some_text {
        <p>{ text }</p>
    }
};
```

  </TabItem>
  <TabItem value="if let else" label="if let else">

```rust
use yew::html;
let some_text = Some("text");

html! {
    if let Some(text) = some_text {
        <p>{ text }</p>
    } else {
        <p>{ "False case" }</p>
    }
};
```

  </TabItem>
</Tabs>
