# Understanding Link Purpose (Link Only)

## In brief

Goal
  Users understand what each link will do.
What to do
  Provide descriptive names for all links.
Why it's important
  Descriptive link text is more understandable for all users, especially when using assistive technology.

## Intent of Link Purpose (Link Only)

The intent of this Success Criterion is to help users understand the purpose of each link in the content, so they can decide whether they want to follow it. Best practice is that links with the same destination would have the same descriptions, but links with different purposes and destinations would have different descriptions (see also Success Criterion 3.2.4 which calls for consistency in identifying components that have the same functionality). Because the purpose of a link can be identified from its link text, links can be understood when they are out of context, such as when the user agent provides a list of all the links on a page.

The text in the link is intended to describe the purpose of the link. In cases where the link takes one to a document or a web application, the name of the document or web application would be sufficient to describe the purpose of the link (which is to take you to the document or web application). Note that it is not required to use the name of the document or web application; other things may also describe the purpose of the link.

Success Criterion 2.4.2 deals with the titles of pages. Here also, the name of a document or web application being presented on the page would be sufficient to describe the purpose of the page. Having the link and the title agree, or be very similar, is good practice and provides continuity between the link 'clicked on' and the web page that the user lands on.

The Success Criterion includes an exception for links for which the purpose of the link cannot be determined from the information on the Web page. In this situation, the person with the disability is not at a disadvantage; there is no additional context available to understand the link purpose. However, whatever amount of context is available on the Web page that can be used to interpret the purpose of the link must be made available in the link text to satisfy the Success Criterion.

The word "mechanism" is used to allow authors to either make all links fully understandable out of context by default or to provide a way to make them this way. This is done because for some pages, making the links all unambiguous by themselves makes the pages easier for some users and harder for others. Providing the ability to make the links unambiguous (by them selves) or not provides both users with disabilities with the ability to use the page in the format that best meets their needs.

For example: A page listing 100 book titles along with links to download the books in HTML, PDF, DOC, TXT, MP3, or AAC might ordinarily be viewed as the title of the book as a link with the words "in HTML" after it. then the sentence "Also available in: " followed by a series of short links with text of "HTML", "PDF", "DOC", "TXT", "MP3", and "AAC". At Level 3, some users could opt to view the page this way - because they would find the page harder to understand or slower to use if the full title of the book were included in each of the links. Others could opt to view the page with the full title as part of each of the links so that each link was understandable in itself. Both the former and the latter groups could include people with visual or cognitive disabilities that used different techniques to browse or that had different types or severities of disability.

## Benefits of Link Purpose (Link Only)

- This Success Criterion helps people with motion impairment by letting them skip Web pages that they are not interested in, avoiding the keystrokes needed to visit the referenced content and then return to the current content.
- People with cognitive limitations will not become disoriented by extra navigation to and from content they are not interested in.
- People with visual disabilities will benefit from not losing their place in the content when they return to the original page. The screen reader's list of links is more useful for finding information because the target of the links are described.

## Examples of Link Purpose (Link Only)

Both an icon and text are included in the same link
  An icon of a voting machine and the text "Government of Ireland's Commission of Electronic Voting" are combined to make a single link.
A list of book titles
  A list of books is available in three formats: HTML, PDF, and mp3 (a recording of a person reading the book). The title of the book is followed by links to the different formats. The rendered text for each link is just the format type, but the text associated with each link includes the title as well as the format; for instance, "Gulliver's Travels, MP3."

## Resources for Link Purpose (Link Only)

- Using Link Titles to Help Users Predict Where They Are Going
- WebAIM Techniques for Hypertext Links
- Hidden barriers - out of sight

## Techniques for Link Purpose (Link Only)

### Sufficient Techniques for Link Purpose (Link Only)

- Providing link text that describes the purpose of a link
- Providing link text that describes the purpose of a link for anchor elements
- Providing a text alternative for the area element

- Allowing the user to choose short or long link text using one of the techniques below:

  - Providing a control near the beginning of the Web page that changes the link text
  - Using scripts to change the link text

- Providing a supplemental description of the purpose of a link using one of the following techniques:

  - Supplementing link text with hidden text

- Semantically indicating links using one of the following techniques:

### Additional Techniques (Advisory) for Link Purpose (Link Only)

- Combining adjacent image and text links for the same resource
- Supplementing link text with the title attribute

### Failures for Link Purpose (Link Only)

- Failure of Success Criterion 2.4.9 due to using a non-specific link such as "click here" or "more" without a mechanism to change the link text to specific text.
- Failure of 2.4.4 due to using null alt on an image where the image is the only content in a link