# Understanding Non-text Content

## In brief

Goal
  Non-text information is available to more people.
What to do
  Create a text alternative for visual and auditory content.
Why it's important
  People who can’t fully see or hear content can understand it.

## Intent of Non-text Content

The intent of this Success Criterion is to make information conveyed by non-text content accessible through the use of a text alternative. Text alternatives are a primary way for making information accessible because they can be rendered through any sensory modality (for example, visual, auditory or tactile) to match the needs of the user. Providing text alternatives allows the information to be rendered in a variety of ways by a variety of user agents. For example, people who cannot see a picture can have the text alternative read aloud using synthesized speech. People who cannot hear an audio file can have the text alternative displayed so that they can read it. In the future, text alternatives will also allow information to be more easily translated into sign language or into a simpler form of the same language.

### Note on CAPTCHA

CAPTCHAs are a controversial topic in the accessibility community. As is described in the paper Inaccessibility of CAPTCHA, CAPTCHAs intrinsically push the edges of human abilities in an attempt to defeat automated processes. Every type of CAPTCHA will be unsolvable by users with certain disabilities. However, they are widely used, and the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines Working Group believes that if CAPTCHAs were forbidden outright, Web sites would choose not to conform to WCAG rather than abandon CAPTCHA. This would create barriers for a great many more users with disabilities. For this reason the Working Group has chosen to structure the requirement about CAPTCHA in a way that meets the needs of most people with disabilities, yet is also considered adoptable by sites. Requiring two different forms of CAPTCHA on a given site ensures that most people with disabilities will find a form they can use.

Because some users with disabilities will still not be able to access sites that meet the minimum requirements, the Working Group provides recommendations for additional steps. Organizations motivated to conform to WCAG should be aware of the importance of this topic and should go as far beyond the minimum requirements of the guidelines as possible. Additional recommended steps include:

- Providing more than two modalities of CAPTCHAs
- Providing access to a human customer service representative who can bypass CAPTCHA
- Not requiring CAPTCHAs for authorized users

### Additional information

Non-text content can take a number of forms, and this Success Criterion specifies how each is to be handled.

For non-text content that is not covered by one of the other situations listed below, such as charts, diagrams, audio recordings, pictures, and animations, text alternatives can make the same information available in a form that can be rendered through any modality (for example, visual, auditory or tactile). Short and long text alternatives can be used as needed to convey the information in the non-text content. Note that prerecorded audio-only and prerecorded video-only files are covered here. Live-audio-only and Live-video-only files are covered below (see 3rd paragraph following this one).

For non-text content that is a control or accepts user input , such as images used as submit buttons, image maps or complex animations, a name is provided to describe the purpose of the non-text content so that the person at least knows what the non-text content is and why it is there.

Non-text content that is time-based media is made accessible through 1.2: Time-Based Media. However, it is important that users know what it is when they encounter it on a page so they can decide what action if any they want to take with it. A text alternative that describes the time-based media and/or gives its title is therefore provided.

For Live Audio-only and live video-only content , it can be much more difficult to provide text alternatives that provide equivalent information as live audio-only and live video-only content. For these types of non-text content, text alternatives provide a descriptive label.

Sometimes a test or exercise must be partially or completely presented in non-text format. Audio or visual information is provided that cannot be changed to text because the test or exercise must be conducted using that sense. For example, a hearing test would be invalid if a text alternative were provided. A visual skill development exercise would similarly make no sense in text form. And a spelling test with text alternatives would not be very effective. For these cases, text alternatives should be provided to describe the purpose of the non-text content; of course, the text alternatives would not provide the same information needed to pass the test.

Sometimes content is primarily intended to create a specific sensory experience that words cannot fully capture. Examples include a symphony performance, works of visual art etc. For such content, text alternatives at least identify the non-text content with a descriptive label and where possible, additional descriptive text. If the reason for including the content in the page is known and can be described it is helpful to include that information.

Sometimes there are non-text exercises that are used to prove you are human. To avoid spam robots and other software from gaining access to a site a device called a CAPTCHA is used. These usually involve visual or auditory tasks that are beyond the current capabilities of Web robots. Providing a text alternative to them would however make them operable by Robots, thus defeating their purpose. In this case a text alternative would describe the purpose of the CAPTCHA, and alternate forms using different modalities would be provided to address the needs of people with different disabilities.

Sometimes there is non-text content that really is not meant to be seen or understood by the user. Transparent images used to move text over on a page; an invisible image that is used to track usage statistics; and a swirl in the corner that conveys no information but just fills up a blank space to create an aesthetic effect are all examples of this. Putting alternative text on such items just distracts people using screen readers from the content on the page. Not marking the content in any way, though, leaves users guessing what the non-text content is and what information they may have missed (even though they have not missed anything in reality). This type of non-text content, therefore, is marked or implemented in a way that assistive technologies (AT) will ignore it and not present anything to the user.

## Benefits of Non-text Content

- This Success Criterion helps people who have difficulty perceiving visual content. Assistive technology can read text aloud, present it visually, or convert it to braille.
- Text alternatives may help some people who have difficulty understanding the meaning of photographs, drawings, and other images (e.g., line drawings, graphic designs, paintings, three-dimensional representations), graphs, charts, animations, etc.
- People who are deaf, are hard of hearing, or who are having trouble understanding audio information for any reason can read the text presentation. Research is ongoing regarding automatic translation of text into sign language.
- People who are deaf-blind can read the text in braille.
- Additionally, text alternatives support the ability to search for non-text content and to repurpose content in a variety of ways.

## Examples of Non-text Content

A data chart
  A bar chart compares how many widgets were sold in June, July, and August. The short label says, "Figure one - Sales in June, July and August." The longer description identifies the type of chart, provides a high-level summary of the data, trends and implications comparable to those available from the chart. Where possible and practical, the actual data is provided in a table.
An audio recording of a speech
  The link to an audio clip says, "Chairman's speech to the assembly." A link to a text transcript is provided immediately after the link to the audio clip.
An animation that illustrates how a car engine works
  An animation shows how a car engine works. There is no audio and the animation is part of a tutorial that describes how an engine works. Since the text of the tutorial already provides a full explanation, the image is an alternative for text and the text alternative includes only a brief description of the animation and refers to the tutorial text for more information.
A traffic Web camera
  A Web site allows users to select from a variety of Web cameras positioned throughout a major city. After a camera is selected, the image updates every two minutes. A short text alternative identifies the Web camera as "traffic Web camera." The site also provides a table of travel times for each of the routes covered by the Web cameras. The table is also updated every two minutes.
A photograph of an historic event in a news story
  A photograph of two world leaders shaking hands accompanies a news story about an international summit meeting. The text alternative says, "President X of Country X shakes hands with Prime Minister Y of country Y."
A photograph of a historic event in content discussing diplomatic relationships
  The same image is used in a different context intended to explain nuances in diplomatic encounters. The image of the president shaking hands with the prime minister appears on a Web site discussing intricate diplomatic relationships. The first text alternative reads, "President X of country X shakes hands with Prime Minister Y of country Y on January 2, 2009." An additional text alternative describes the room where the leaders are standing as well as the expressions on the leaders' faces, and identifies the other people in the room. The additional description might be included on the same page as the photograph or in a separate file associated with the image through a link or other standard programmatic mechanism.
An audio recording of a press conference
  A Web page includes a link to an audio recording of a press conference. The link text identifies the audio recording. The page also links to a text transcript of the press conference. The transcript includes a verbatim record of everything the speakers say. It identifies who is speaking as well as noting other significant sounds that are part of the recording, such as applause, laughter, questions from the audience, and so on.
An e-learning application
  An e-learning application uses sound effects to indicate whether or not the answers are correct. The chime sound indicates that the answer is correct and the beep sound indicates that the answer is incorrect. A text description is also included so that people who can't hear or understand the sound understand whether the answer is correct or incorrect.
A linked thumbnail image
  A thumbnail image of the front page of a newspaper links to the home page of the "Smallville Times". The text alternative says "Smallville Times".
The same image used on different sites
  Different alternatives for an image of the world: An image of the world that is used on a travel site as a link to the International Travel section has the text alternative "International Travel". The same image is used as a link on a university Web site with the text alternative "International Campuses".
An image map
  An image of a building floor plan is interactive, allowing the user to select a particular room and navigate to a page containing information about that room. The short text alternative describes the image and its interactive purpose: "Building floor plan. Select a room for more information."

## Resources for Non-text Content

- Excerpts from the NBA Tape Recording Manual, Third Edition
- Inaccessibility of CAPTCHA
- All That Malarkey: Accessible Alternatives
- 456 Berea Street: The Alt and Title Attributes
- The Alt and Accessibility
- Better Connected, Better Results: Alt Text

## Techniques for Non-text Content

### Sufficient Techniques for Non-text Content

#### Situation A: If a short description can serve the same purpose and present the same information as the non-text content:

- Providing short text alternative for non-text content that serves the same purpose and presents the same information as the non-text content using one of the following Short text alternative techniques for Situation A :

Short text alternative techniques for Situation A:

#### Situation B: If a short description can not serve the same purpose and present the same information as the non-text content (e.g., a chart or diagram):

- Providing short text alternatives that provide a brief description of the non-text content using one of the following Short text alternative techniques for Situation B AND one of the following Long text alternative techniques for Situation B :

Short text alternative techniques for Situation B:

Long text alternative techniques for Situation B:

#### Situation C: If non-text content is a control or accepts user input:

- Providing a text alternative that identifies the purpose of the non-text content using one of the following Text alternative techniques for controls and input for Situation C :

Text alternative techniques for controls and input for Situation C:

#### Situation D: If non-text content is time-based media (including live video-only and live audio-only); a test or exercise that would be invalid if presented in text; or primarily intended to create a specific sensory experience:

- Providing a descriptive label using one of the following Short text alternative techniques for Situation D :
- Providing a descriptive label that describes the purpose of live audio-only and live video-only content using one of the following Short text alternative techniques for Situation D :
- Providing the accepted name or a descriptive name of the non-text content using one of the following Short text alternative techniques for Situation D :

Short text alternative techniques for Situation D:

#### Situation E: If non-text content is a CAPTCHA:

- Providing a text alternative that describes the purpose of the CAPTCHA AND Ensuring that the Web Page contains another CAPTCHA serving the same purpose using a different modality

#### Situation F: If the non-text content should be ignored by assistive technology:

- Implementing or marking the non-text content so that it will be ignored by assistive technology using one of the following Techniques to indicate that text alternatives are not required for Situation F :

Techniques to indicate that text alternatives are not required for Situation F:

- Using CSS to include decorative images
- Using null alt text and no title attribute on img elements for images that AT should ignore

### Additional Techniques (Advisory) for Non-text Content

#### CSS Techniques (Advisory)

- Using CSS margin and padding rules instead of spacer images

### Failures for Non-text Content

- Failure due to using CSS to include images that convey important information
- Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 and 1.4.1 due to having a text alternative that does not include information that is conveyed by color differences in the image
- Failure due to not updating text alternatives when changes to non-text content occur
- Failure due to using text alternatives that are not alternatives (e.g., filenames or placeholder text)
- Failure due to omitting the alt-attribute for non-text content used for decorative purposes only in HTML
- Failure due to providing a text alternative that is not null. (e.g., alt="spacer" or alt="image") for Images that should be ignored by AT
- Failure of 1.1.1 due to omitting the alt attribute on img elements, area elements, and input elements of type "image"
- Failure of 1.1.1 due to providing long description for non-text content that does not serve the same purpose or does not present the same information
- Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 due to using text look-alikes to represent text without providing a text alternative
- Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 due to using ASCII art without providing a text alternative