# Understanding Page Titled

## In brief

Goal
  Each web page has a meaningful title.
What to do
  Provide a descriptive page title using appropriate technology.
Why it's important
  Page titles help users identify and distinguish different pages.

## Intent of Page Titled

The intent of this Success Criterion is to help users find content and orient themselves within it by ensuring that each Web page has a descriptive title. Titles identify the current location without requiring users to read or interpret page content. When titles appear in site maps or lists of search results, users can more quickly identify the content they need. User agents make the title of the page easily available to the user for identifying the page. For instance, a user agent may display the page title in the window title bar or as the name of the tab containing the page.

In cases where the page is a document or a web application, the name of the document or web application would be sufficient to describe the purpose of the page. Note that it is not required to use the name of the document or web application; other things may also describe the purpose or the topic of the page.

In cases such as Single Page Applications (SPAs), where various distinct pages/views are all nominally served from the same URI and the content of the page is changed dynamically, the title of the page should also be changed dynamically to reflect the content or topic of the current view.

Success Criteria 2.4.4 and 2.4.9 deal with the purpose of links, many of which are links to web pages. Here also, the name of a document or web application being linked to would be sufficient to describe the purpose of the link. Having the link and the title agree, or be very similar, is good practice and provides continuity between the link 'clicked on' and the web page that the user lands on.

## Benefits of Page Titled

- This criterion benefits all users in allowing users to quickly and easily identify whether the information contained in the Web page is relevant to their needs.
- People with visual disabilities will benefit from being able to differentiate content when multiple Web pages are open.
- People with cognitive disabilities, limited short-term memory and reading disabilities also benefit from the ability to identify content by its title.
- This criterion also benefits people with severe mobility impairments whose mode of operation relies on audio when navigating between Web pages.

## Examples of Page Titled

An HTML Web page
  The descriptive title of an HTML Web page is marked up with the <title> element so that it will be displayed in the title bar of the user agent.
A document collection

  The title of Understanding WCAG 2.2 is "Understanding WCAG 2.2".

  - The Introduction to Understanding WCAG page has the title "Introduction to Understanding WCAG".
  - Major sections of the document collection are pages titled "Understanding Guideline X" and "Understanding Success Criterion X."
  - Appendix A has the title "Glossary."
  - Appendix B has the title "Acknowledgements."
  - Appendix C has the title "References."
A Web application
  A banking application lets users inspect their bank accounts, view past statements, and perform transactions. The Web application dynamically generates titles for each Web page, e.g., "Bank XYZ, accounts for Alex Smith" "Bank XYZ, December 2005 statement for Account 1234-5678".

## Resources for Page Titled

- Writing Better Web Page Titles. How to write titles for Web pages that will enhance search engine effectiveness.
- Guidelines for Accessible and Usable Web Sites: Observing Users Who Work With Screen Readers (PDF) . Theofanos, M.F., and Redish, J. (2003). Interactions, Volume X, Issue 6, November-December 2003, pages 38-51, https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/947226.947227

## Techniques for Page Titled

### Sufficient Techniques for Page Titled

- Providing descriptive titles for Web pages AND associating a title with a Web page using one of the following techniques:

  - Providing a title using the title element

### Additional Techniques (Advisory) for Page Titled

- Identifying a Web page's relationship to a larger collection of Web pages

### Failures for Page Titled

- Failure due to the title of a Web page not identifying the contents