# Understanding Pronunciation

## In brief

Goal
  Users can identify the pronunciation of ambiguous words.
What to do
  Indicate how to pronounce a word, where its meaning is otherwise unclear.
Why it's important
  Some people, including those with cognitive disabilities, may not understand the meaning of content.

## Intent of Pronunciation

The intent of this Success Criterion is to help people who are blind, people who have low vision, and people with reading disabilities to understand content in cases where meaning depends on pronunciation. Often words or characters have different meanings, each with its own pronunciation. The meaning of such words or characters can usually be determined from the context of the sentence. However, for more complex or ambiguous sentences, or for some languages, the meaning of the word cannot be easily determined or determined at all without knowing the pronunciation. When the sentence is read aloud and the screen reader reads the word using the wrong pronunciation, it can be even more difficult to understand than when read visually. When words are ambiguous or indeterminate unless the pronunciation is known, then providing some means of determining the pronunciation is needed.

For example, in the English language heteronyms are words that are spelled the same but have different pronunciations and meanings, such as the words desert (abandon) and desert (arid region). If the proper pronunciation can be determined from the context of the sentence, then nothing is required. If it cannot then some mechanism for determining the proper pronunciation would be required. Additionally, in some languages certain characters can be pronounced in different ways. In Japanese, for example, there are characters like Han characters(Kanji) that have multiple pronunciations. Screen readers may speak the characters incorrectly without the information on pronunciation. When read incorrectly, the content will not make sense to users.

## Benefits of Pronunciation

This Success Criterion may help people who:

- have difficulty decoding words
- have difficulty using context to aid understanding
- use technologies that read the words aloud

## Examples of Pronunciation

Giving the reading of a person's name
  Web content in Japanese provides kana (Japanese phonetic syllabary characters) written next to Han characters (Kanji) show the pronunciation of a person's name. The kana is provided to users in parentheses right after the word. Giving the reading of the words written in Han characters (Kanji) allows both sighted users and screen readers to read/pronounce the words correctly. Note that screen readers will speak the word twice: the Han characters (Kanji) that can be pronounced in a wrong way are read first and then kana is spoken in order to provide the correct reading.
Showing the reading of the words by ruby element
  Web content using HTML provides kana (phonetic syllabary characters) written above the characters to show the reading (pronunciation) of the words by using the ruby element.
Providing sound files of the pronunciation
  A document includes some words whose meaning cannot be determined without knowing the correct pronunciation. Each word is linked to a sound file that gives the correct pronunciation. Users can select these links to find out how to pronounce the words.
Including pronunciation information in the glossary
  A Web page includes a glossary section. Some items in the glossary include pronunciation information as well as definitions. Words in the content whose meaning cannot be determined without knowing their pronunciation are linked to the appropriate entries in the glossary.
Text that includes pronunciation information for characters shared by several languages but pronounced differently in each language
  A Japanese university Web site includes several short phrases quoted from scholarly texts in Chinese and Korean. The quotations are written using the same script as the Japanese text. Pronunciation information is provided to show the correct reading of the Chinese and Korean characters.

For Japanese, the ruby element is used for showing the "reading" rather than "pronunciation."

## Resources for Pronunciation

## Techniques for Pronunciation

### Sufficient Techniques for Pronunciation

- G120: Providing the pronunciation immediately following the word
- G121: Linking to pronunciations
- Providing a Glossary that includes pronunciation information for words that have a unique pronunciation in the content and have meaning that depends on pronunciation
- Using standard diacritical marks that can be turned off
- Using the ruby element

### Additional Techniques (Advisory) for Pronunciation

### Failures for Pronunciation