Controller
==========

A controller is a PHP function you create that reads information from the
``Request`` object and creates and returns a ``Response`` object. The response could
be an HTML page, JSON, XML, a file download, a redirect, a 404 error or anything
else. The controller runs whatever arbitrary logic *your application* needs
to render the content of a page.

.. tip::

    If you haven't already created your first working page, check out
    :doc:`/page_creation` and then come back!

A Basic Controller
------------------

While a controller can be any PHP callable (function, method on an object,
or a ``Closure``), a controller is usually a method inside a controller
class::

    // src/Controller/LuckyController.php
    namespace App\Controller;

    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
    use Symfony\Component\Routing\Attribute\Route;

    class LuckyController
    {
        #[Route('/lucky/number/{max}', name: 'app_lucky_number')]
        public function number(int $max): Response
        {
            $number = random_int(0, $max);

            return new Response(
                '<html><body>Lucky number: '.$number.'</body></html>'
            );
        }
    }

The controller is the ``number()`` method, which lives inside the
controller class ``LuckyController``.

This controller is pretty straightforward:

* *line 2*: Symfony takes advantage of PHP's namespace functionality to
  namespace the entire controller class.

* *line 4*: Symfony again takes advantage of PHP's namespace functionality:
  the ``use`` keyword imports the ``Response`` class, which the controller
  must return.

* *line 7*: The class can technically be called anything, but it's suffixed
  with ``Controller`` by convention.

* *line 10*: The action method is allowed to have a ``$max`` argument thanks to the
  ``{max}`` :doc:`wildcard in the route </routing>`.

* *line 14*: The controller creates and returns a ``Response`` object.

Mapping a URL to a Controller
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In order to *view* the result of this controller, you need to map a URL to it via
a route. This was done above with the ``#[Route('/lucky/number/{max}')]``
:ref:`route attribute <attribute-routes>`.

To see your page, go to this URL in your browser: http://localhost:8000/lucky/number/100

For more information on routing, see :doc:`/routing`.

.. _the-base-controller-class-services:
.. _the-base-controller-classes-services:

The Base Controller Class & Services
------------------------------------

To aid development, Symfony comes with an optional base controller class called
:class:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\AbstractController`.
It can be extended to gain access to helper methods.

Add the ``use`` statement atop your controller class and then modify
``LuckyController`` to extend it:

.. code-block:: diff

      // src/Controller/LuckyController.php
      namespace App\Controller;

    + use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController;

    - class LuckyController
    + class LuckyController extends AbstractController
      {
          // ...
      }

That's it! You now have access to methods like :ref:`$this->render() <controller-rendering-templates>`
and many others that you'll learn about next.

Generating URLs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The :method:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\AbstractController::generateUrl`
method is just a helper method that generates the URL for a given route::

    $url = $this->generateUrl('app_lucky_number', ['max' => 10]);

.. _controller-redirect:

Redirecting
~~~~~~~~~~~

If you want to redirect the user to another page, use the ``redirectToRoute()``
and ``redirect()`` methods::

    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RedirectResponse;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

    // ...
    public function index(): RedirectResponse
    {
        // redirects to the "homepage" route
        return $this->redirectToRoute('homepage');

        // redirectToRoute is a shortcut for:
        // return new RedirectResponse($this->generateUrl('homepage'));

        // does a permanent HTTP 301 redirect
        return $this->redirectToRoute('homepage', [], 301);
        // if you prefer, you can use PHP constants instead of hardcoded numbers
        return $this->redirectToRoute('homepage', [], Response::HTTP_MOVED_PERMANENTLY);

        // redirect to a route with parameters
        return $this->redirectToRoute('app_lucky_number', ['max' => 10]);

        // redirects to a route and maintains the original query string parameters
        return $this->redirectToRoute('blog_show', $request->query->all());

        // redirects to the current route (e.g. for Post/Redirect/Get pattern):
        return $this->redirectToRoute($request->attributes->get('_route'));

        // redirects externally
        return $this->redirect('http://symfony.com/doc');
    }

.. danger::

    The ``redirect()`` method does not check its destination in any way. If you
    redirect to a URL provided by end-users, your application may be open
    to the `unvalidated redirects security vulnerability`_.

.. _controller-rendering-templates:

Rendering Templates
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If you're serving HTML, you'll want to render a template. The ``render()``
method renders a template **and** puts that content into a ``Response``
object for you::

    // renders templates/lucky/number.html.twig
    return $this->render('lucky/number.html.twig', ['number' => $number]);

Templating and Twig are explained more in the
:doc:`Creating and Using Templates article </templates>`.

.. _controller-accessing-services:
.. _accessing-other-services:

Fetching Services
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Symfony comes *packed* with a lot of useful classes and functionalities, called :doc:`services </service_container>`.
These are used for rendering templates, sending emails, querying the database and
any other "work" you can think of.

If you need a service in a controller, type-hint an argument with its class
(or interface) name and Symfony will inject it automatically. This requires
your :doc:`controller to be registered as a service </controller/service>`::

    use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
    // ...

    #[Route('/lucky/number/{max}')]
    public function number(int $max, LoggerInterface $logger): Response
    {
        $logger->info('We are logging!');
        // ...
    }

Awesome!

What other services can you type-hint? To see them, use the ``debug:autowiring`` console
command:

.. code-block:: terminal

    $ php bin/console debug:autowiring

.. tip::

    If you need control over the *exact* value of an argument, or require a parameter,
    you can use the ``#[Autowire]`` attribute::

        // ...
        use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
        use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Attribute\Autowire;
        use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

        class LuckyController extends AbstractController
        {
            public function number(
                int $max,

                // inject a specific logger service
                #[Autowire(service: 'monolog.logger.request')]
                LoggerInterface $logger,

                // or inject parameter values
                #[Autowire('%kernel.project_dir%')]
                string $projectDir
            ): Response
            {
                $logger->info('We are logging!');
                // ...
            }
        }

    You can read more about this attribute in :ref:`autowire-attribute`.

Like with all services, you can also use regular
:ref:`constructor injection <services-constructor-injection>` in your
controllers.

For more information about services, see the :doc:`/service_container` article.

Generating Controllers
----------------------

To save time, you can install `Symfony Maker`_ and tell Symfony to generate a
new controller class:

.. code-block:: terminal

    $ php bin/console make:controller BrandNewController

    created: src/Controller/BrandNewController.php
    created: templates/brandnew/index.html.twig

If you want to generate an entire CRUD from a Doctrine :doc:`entity </doctrine>`,
use:

.. code-block:: terminal

    $ php bin/console make:crud Product

    created: src/Controller/ProductController.php
    created: src/Form/ProductType.php
    created: templates/product/_delete_form.html.twig
    created: templates/product/_form.html.twig
    created: templates/product/edit.html.twig
    created: templates/product/index.html.twig
    created: templates/product/new.html.twig
    created: templates/product/show.html.twig

Managing Errors and 404 Pages
-----------------------------

When things are not found, you should return a 404 response. To do this, throw a
special type of exception::

    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Exception\NotFoundHttpException;

    // ...
    public function index(): Response
    {
        // retrieve the object from database
        $product = ...;
        if (!$product) {
            throw $this->createNotFoundException('The product does not exist');

            // the above is just a shortcut for:
            // throw new NotFoundHttpException('The product does not exist');
        }

        return $this->render(/* ... */);
    }

The :method:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\AbstractController::createNotFoundException`
method is just a shortcut to create a special
:class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpKernel\\Exception\\NotFoundHttpException`
object, which ultimately triggers a 404 HTTP response inside Symfony.

If you throw an exception that extends or is an instance of
:class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpKernel\\Exception\\HttpException`, Symfony will
use the appropriate HTTP status code. Otherwise, the response will have a 500
HTTP status code::

    // this exception ultimately generates a 500 status error
    throw new \Exception('Something went wrong!');

In every case, an error page is shown to the end user and a full debug
error page is shown to the developer (i.e. when you're in "Debug" mode - see
:ref:`page-creation-environments`).

To customize the error page that's shown to the user, see the
:doc:`/controller/error_pages` article.

.. _controller-request-argument:

The Request object as a Controller Argument
-------------------------------------------

What if you need to read query parameters, grab a request header or get access
to an uploaded file? That information is stored in Symfony's ``Request``
object. To access it in your controller, add it as an argument and
**type-hint it with the Request class**::

    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
    // ...

    public function index(Request $request): Response
    {
        $page = $request->query->get('page', 1);

        // ...
    }

:ref:`Keep reading <request-object-info>` for more information about using the
Request object.

.. _controller_map-request:

Automatic Mapping Of The Request
--------------------------------

It is possible to automatically map request's payload and/or query parameters to
your controller's action arguments with attributes.

Mapping Query Parameters Individually
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Let's say a user sends you a request with the following query string:
``https://example.com/dashboard?firstName=John&lastName=Smith&age=27``.
Thanks to the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpKernel\\Attribute\\MapQueryParameter`
attribute, arguments of your controller's action can be automatically fulfilled::

    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Attribute\MapQueryParameter;

    // ...

    public function dashboard(
        #[MapQueryParameter] string $firstName,
        #[MapQueryParameter] string $lastName,
        #[MapQueryParameter] int $age,
    ): Response
    {
        // ...
    }

``#[MapQueryParameter]`` can take an optional argument called ``filter``. You can use the
`Validate Filters`_ constants defined in PHP::

    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Attribute\MapQueryParameter;

    // ...

    public function dashboard(
        #[MapQueryParameter(filter: \FILTER_VALIDATE_REGEXP, options: ['regexp' => '/^\w+$/'])] string $firstName,
        #[MapQueryParameter] string $lastName,
        #[MapQueryParameter(filter: \FILTER_VALIDATE_INT)] int $age,
    ): Response
    {
        // ...
    }

.. _controller-mapping-query-string:

Mapping The Whole Query String
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Another possibility is to map the entire query string into an object that will hold
available query parameters. Let's say you declare the following DTO with its
optional validation constraints::

    namespace App\Model;

    use Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints as Assert;

    class UserDto
    {
        public function __construct(
            #[Assert\NotBlank]
            public string $firstName,

            #[Assert\NotBlank]
            public string $lastName,

            #[Assert\GreaterThan(18)]
            public int $age,
        ) {
        }
    }

You can then use the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpKernel\\Attribute\\MapQueryString`
attribute in your controller::

    use App\Model\UserDto;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Attribute\MapQueryString;

    // ...

    public function dashboard(
        #[MapQueryString] UserDto $userDto
    ): Response
    {
        // ...
    }

You can customize the validation groups used during the mapping and also the
HTTP status to return if the validation fails::

    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

    // ...

    public function dashboard(
        #[MapQueryString(
            validationGroups: ['strict', 'edit'],
            validationFailedStatusCode: Response::HTTP_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY
        )] UserDto $userDto
    ): Response
    {
        // ...
    }

The default status code returned if the validation fails is 404.

If you need a valid DTO even when the request query string is empty, set a
default value for your controller arguments::

    use App\Model\UserDto;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Attribute\MapQueryString;

    // ...

    public function dashboard(
        #[MapQueryString] UserDto $userDto = new UserDto()
    ): Response
    {
        // ...
    }

.. _controller-mapping-request-payload:

Mapping Request Payload
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

When creating an API and dealing with other HTTP methods than ``GET`` (like
``POST`` or ``PUT``), user's data are not stored in the query string
but directly in the request payload, like this:

.. code-block:: json

    {
        "firstName": "John",
        "lastName": "Smith",
        "age": 28
    }

In this case, it is also possible to directly map this payload to your DTO by
using the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpKernel\\Attribute\\MapRequestPayload`
attribute::

    use App\Model\UserDto;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Attribute\MapRequestPayload;

    // ...

    public function dashboard(
        #[MapRequestPayload] UserDto $userDto
    ): Response
    {
        // ...
    }

This attribute allows you to customize the serialization context as well
as the class responsible of doing the mapping between the request and
your DTO::

    public function dashboard(
        #[MapRequestPayload(
            serializationContext: ['...'],
            resolver: App\Resolver\UserDtoResolver
        )]
        UserDto $userDto
    ): Response
    {
        // ...
    }

You can also customize the validation groups used, the status code to return if
the validation fails as well as supported payload formats::

    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

    // ...

    public function dashboard(
        #[MapRequestPayload(
            acceptFormat: 'json',
            validationGroups: ['strict', 'read'],
            validationFailedStatusCode: Response::HTTP_NOT_FOUND
        )] UserDto $userDto
    ): Response
    {
        // ...
    }

The default status code returned if the validation fails is 422.

.. tip::

    If you build a JSON API, make sure to declare your route as using the JSON
    :ref:`format <routing-format-parameter>`. This will make the error handling
    output a JSON response in case of validation errors, rather than an HTML page::

        #[Route('/dashboard', name: 'dashboard', format: 'json')]

Make sure to install `phpstan/phpdoc-parser`_ and `phpdocumentor/type-resolver`_
if you want to map a nested array of specific DTOs::

    public function dashboard(
        #[MapRequestPayload] EmployeesDto $employeesDto
    ): Response
    {
        // ...
    }

    final class EmployeesDto
    {
        /**
         * @param UserDto[] $users
         */
        public function __construct(
            public readonly array $users = []
        ) {}
    }

Instead of returning an array of DTO objects, you can tell Symfony to transform
each DTO object into an array and return something like this:

.. code-block:: json

    [
        {
            "firstName": "John",
            "lastName": "Smith",
            "age": 28
        },
        {
            "firstName": "Jane",
            "lastName": "Doe",
            "age": 30
        }
    ]

To do so, map the parameter as an array and configure the type of each element
using the ``type`` option of the attribute::

    public function dashboard(
        #[MapRequestPayload(type: UserDto::class)] array $users
    ): Response
    {
        // ...
    }

.. versionadded:: 7.1

    The ``type`` option of ``#[MapRequestPayload]`` was introduced in Symfony 7.1.

.. _controller_map-uploaded-file:

Mapping Uploaded Files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Symfony provides an attribute called ``#[MapUploadedFile]`` to map one or more
``UploadedFile`` objects to controller arguments::

    namespace App\Controller;

    use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\UploadedFile;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Attribute\MapUploadedFile;
    use Symfony\Component\Routing\Attribute\Route;

    class UserController extends AbstractController
    {
        #[Route('/user/picture', methods: ['PUT'])]
        public function changePicture(
            #[MapUploadedFile] UploadedFile $picture,
        ): Response {
            // ...
        }
    }

In this example, the associated :doc:`argument resolver <controller/value_resolver>`
fetches the ``UploadedFile`` based on the argument name (``$picture``). If no file
is submitted, an ``HttpException`` is thrown. You can change this by making the
controller argument nullable:

.. code-block:: php-attributes

    #[MapUploadedFile]
    ?UploadedFile $document

The ``#[MapUploadedFile]`` attribute also allows to pass a list of constraints
to apply to the uploaded file::

    namespace App\Controller;

    use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\UploadedFile;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Attribute\MapUploadedFile;
    use Symfony\Component\Routing\Attribute\Route;
    use Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints as Assert;

    class UserController extends AbstractController
    {
        #[Route('/user/picture', methods: ['PUT'])]
        public function changePicture(
            #[MapUploadedFile([
                new Assert\File(mimeTypes: ['image/png', 'image/jpeg']),
                new Assert\Image(maxWidth: 3840, maxHeight: 2160),
            ])]
            UploadedFile $picture,
        ): Response {
            // ...
        }
    }

The validation constraints are checked before injecting the ``UploadedFile`` into
the controller argument. If there's a constraint violation, an ``HttpException``
is thrown and the controller's action is not executed.

If you need to upload a collection of files, map them to an array or a variadic
argument. The given constraint will be applied to all files and if any of them
fails, an ``HttpException`` is thrown:

.. code-block:: php-attributes

    #[MapUploadedFile(new Assert\File(mimeTypes: ['application/pdf']))]
    array $documents

    #[MapUploadedFile(new Assert\File(mimeTypes: ['application/pdf']))]
    UploadedFile ...$documents

Use the ``name`` option to rename the uploaded file to a custom value:

.. code-block:: php-attributes

    #[MapUploadedFile(name: 'something-else')]
    UploadedFile $document

In addition, you can change the status code of the HTTP exception thrown when
there are constraint violations:

.. code-block:: php-attributes

    #[MapUploadedFile(
        constraints: new Assert\File(maxSize: '2M'),
        validationFailedStatusCode: Response::HTTP_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE
    )]
    UploadedFile $document

.. versionadded:: 7.1

    The ``#[MapUploadedFile]`` attribute was introduced in Symfony 7.1.

Managing the Session
--------------------

You can store special messages, called "flash" messages, on the user's session.
By design, flash messages are meant to be used exactly once: they vanish from
the session automatically as soon as you retrieve them. This feature makes
"flash" messages particularly great for storing user notifications.

For example, imagine you're processing a :doc:`form </forms>` submission::

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: php-symfony

        use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
        use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
        // ...

        public function update(Request $request): Response
        {
            // ...

            if ($form->isSubmitted() && $form->isValid()) {
                // do some sort of processing

                $this->addFlash(
                    'notice',
                    'Your changes were saved!'
                );
                // $this->addFlash() is equivalent to $request->getSession()->getFlashBag()->add()

                return $this->redirectToRoute(/* ... */);
            }

            return $this->render(/* ... */);
        }

:ref:`Reading <session-intro>` for more information about using Sessions.

.. _request-object-info:

The Request and Response Object
-------------------------------

As mentioned :ref:`earlier <controller-request-argument>`, Symfony will
pass the ``Request`` object to any controller argument that is type-hinted with
the ``Request`` class::

    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

    public function index(Request $request): Response
    {
        $request->isXmlHttpRequest(); // is it an Ajax request?

        $request->getPreferredLanguage(['en', 'fr']);

        // retrieves GET and POST variables respectively
        $request->query->get('page');
        $request->getPayload()->get('page');

        // retrieves SERVER variables
        $request->server->get('HTTP_HOST');

        // retrieves an instance of UploadedFile identified by foo
        $request->files->get('foo');

        // retrieves a COOKIE value
        $request->cookies->get('PHPSESSID');

        // retrieves an HTTP request header, with normalized, lowercase keys
        $request->headers->get('host');
        $request->headers->get('content-type');
    }

The ``Request`` class has several public properties and methods that return any
information you need about the request.

Like the ``Request``, the ``Response`` object has a public ``headers`` property.
This object is of the type :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\ResponseHeaderBag`
and provides methods for getting and setting response headers. The header names are
normalized. As a result, the name ``Content-Type`` is equivalent to
the name ``content-type`` or ``content_type``.

In Symfony, a controller is required to return a ``Response`` object::

    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

    // creates a simple Response with a 200 status code (the default)
    $response = new Response('Hello '.$name, Response::HTTP_OK);

    // creates a CSS-response with a 200 status code
    $response = new Response('<style> ... </style>');
    $response->headers->set('Content-Type', 'text/css');

To facilitate this, different response objects are included to address different
response types.  Some of these are mentioned below. To learn more about the
``Request`` and ``Response`` (and different ``Response`` classes), see the
:ref:`HttpFoundation component documentation <component-http-foundation-request>`.

.. note::

    Technically, a controller can return a value other than a ``Response``.
    However, your application is responsible for transforming that value into a
    ``Response`` object. This is handled using :doc:`events </event_dispatcher>`
    (specifically the :ref:`kernel.view event <component-http-kernel-kernel-view>`),
    an advanced feature you'll learn about later.

Accessing Configuration Values
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To get the value of any :ref:`configuration parameter <configuration-parameters>`
from a controller, use the ``getParameter()`` helper method::

    // ...
    public function index(): Response
    {
        $contentsDir = $this->getParameter('kernel.project_dir').'/contents';
        // ...
    }

Returning JSON Response
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To return JSON from a controller, use the ``json()`` helper method. This returns a
``JsonResponse`` object that encodes the data automatically::

    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\JsonResponse;
    // ...

    public function index(): JsonResponse
    {
        // returns '{"username":"jane.doe"}' and sets the proper Content-Type header
        return $this->json(['username' => 'jane.doe']);

        // the shortcut defines three optional arguments
        // return $this->json($data, $status = 200, $headers = [], $context = []);
    }

If the :doc:`serializer service </serializer>` is enabled in your
application, it will be used to serialize the data to JSON. Otherwise,
the :phpfunction:`json_encode` function is used.

Streaming File Responses
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You can use the :method:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\AbstractController::file`
helper to serve a file from inside a controller::

    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\BinaryFileResponse;
    // ...

    public function download(): BinaryFileResponse
    {
        // send the file contents and force the browser to download it
        return $this->file('/path/to/some_file.pdf');
    }

The ``file()`` helper provides some arguments to configure its behavior::

    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\File;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\ResponseHeaderBag;
    // ...

    public function download(): BinaryFileResponse
    {
        // load the file from the filesystem
        $file = new File('/path/to/some_file.pdf');

        return $this->file($file);

        // rename the downloaded file
        return $this->file($file, 'custom_name.pdf');

        // display the file contents in the browser instead of downloading it
        return $this->file('invoice_3241.pdf', 'my_invoice.pdf', ResponseHeaderBag::DISPOSITION_INLINE);
    }

Sending Early Hints
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

`Early hints`_ tell the browser to start downloading some assets even before the
application sends the response content. This improves perceived performance
because the browser can prefetch resources that will be needed once the full
response is finally sent. These resources are commonly Javascript or CSS files,
but they can be any type of resource.

.. note::

    In order to work, the `SAPI`_ you're using must support this feature, like
    `FrankenPHP`_.

You can send early hints from your controller action thanks to the
:method:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\AbstractController::sendEarlyHints`
method::

    namespace App\Controller;

    use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController;
    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
    use Symfony\Component\Routing\Attribute\Route;
    use Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link;

    class HomepageController extends AbstractController
    {
        #[Route("/", name: "homepage")]
        public function index(): Response
        {
            $response = $this->sendEarlyHints([
                new Link(rel: 'preconnect', href: 'https://fonts.google.com'),
                (new Link(href: '/style.css'))->withAttribute('as', 'style'),
                (new Link(href: '/script.js'))->withAttribute('as', 'script'),
            ]);

            // prepare the contents of the response...

            return $this->render('homepage/index.html.twig', response: $response);
        }
    }

Technically, Early Hints are an informational HTTP response with the status code
``103``. The ``sendEarlyHints()`` method creates a ``Response`` object with that
status code and sends its headers immediately.

This way, browsers can start downloading the assets immediately; like the
``style.css`` and ``script.js`` files in the above example. The
``sendEarlyHints()`` method also returns the ``Response`` object, which you
must use to create the full response sent from the controller action.

Final Thoughts
--------------

In Symfony, a controller is usually a class method which is used to accept
requests, and return a ``Response`` object. When mapped with a URL, a controller
becomes accessible and its response can be viewed.

To facilitate the development of controllers, Symfony provides an
``AbstractController``.  It can be used to extend the controller class allowing
access to some frequently used utilities such as ``render()`` and
``redirectToRoute()``. The ``AbstractController`` also provides the
``createNotFoundException()`` utility which is used to return a page not found
response.

In other articles, you'll learn how to use specific services from inside your controller
that will help you persist and fetch objects from a database, process form submissions,
handle caching and more.

Keep Going!
-----------

Next, learn all about :doc:`rendering templates with Twig </templates>`.

Learn more about Controllers
----------------------------

.. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 1
    :glob:

    controller/*

.. _`Symfony Maker`: https://symfony.com/doc/current/bundles/SymfonyMakerBundle/index.html
.. _`unvalidated redirects security vulnerability`: https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Unvalidated_Redirects_and_Forwards_Cheat_Sheet.html
.. _`Early hints`: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/103
.. _`SAPI`: https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.php-sapi-name.php
.. _`FrankenPHP`: https://frankenphp.dev
.. _`Validate Filters`: https://www.php.net/manual/en/filter.constants.php
.. _`phpstan/phpdoc-parser`: https://packagist.org/packages/phpstan/phpdoc-parser
.. _`phpdocumentor/type-resolver`: https://packagist.org/packages/phpdocumentor/type-resolver
