/*
 * Copyright (c) 2004, Swedish Institute of Computer Science.
 * All rights reserved. 
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 
 * are met: 
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
 * 3. Neither the name of the Institute nor the names of its contributors 
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 
 *    without specific prior written permission. 
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE INSTITUTE AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE INSTITUTE OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 
 * SUCH DAMAGE. 
 *
 * This file is part of the Contiki operating system.
 * 
 * Author: Adam Dunkels <adam@sics.se>
 *
 */

/**
 * \addtogroup pt
 * @{
 */

/**
 * \defgroup ptsem Protothread semaphores
 * @{
 *
 * This module implements counting semaphores on top of
 * protothreads. Semaphores are a synchronization primitive that
 * provide two operations: "wait" and "signal". The "wait" operation
 * checks the semaphore counter and blocks the thread if the counter
 * is zero. The "signal" operation increases the semaphore counter but
 * does not block. If another thread has blocked waiting for the
 * semaphore that is signaled, the blocked thread will become
 * runnable again.
 *
 * Semaphores can be used to implement other, more structured,
 * synchronization primitives such as monitors and message
 * queues/bounded buffers (see below).
 *
 * The following example shows how the producer-consumer problem, also
 * known as the bounded buffer problem, can be solved using
 * protothreads and semaphores. Notes on the program follow after the
 * example.
 *
 \code
#include "pt-sem.h"

#define NUM_ITEMS 32
#define BUFSIZE 8

static struct pt_sem mutex, full, empty;

PT_THREAD(producer(struct pt *pt))
{
  static int produced;
  
  PT_BEGIN(pt);
  
  for(produced = 0; produced < NUM_ITEMS; ++produced) {
  
    PT_SEM_WAIT(pt, &full);
    
    PT_SEM_WAIT(pt, &mutex);
    add_to_buffer(produce_item());    
    PT_SEM_SIGNAL(pt, &mutex);
    
    PT_SEM_SIGNAL(pt, &empty);
  }

  PT_END(pt);
}

PT_THREAD(consumer(struct pt *pt))
{
  static int consumed;
  
  PT_BEGIN(pt);

  for(consumed = 0; consumed < NUM_ITEMS; ++consumed) {
    
    PT_SEM_WAIT(pt, &empty);
    
    PT_SEM_WAIT(pt, &mutex);    
    consume_item(get_from_buffer());    
    PT_SEM_SIGNAL(pt, &mutex);
    
    PT_SEM_SIGNAL(pt, &full);
  }

  PT_END(pt);
}

PT_THREAD(driver_thread(struct pt *pt))
{
  static struct pt pt_producer, pt_consumer;

  PT_BEGIN(pt);
  
  PT_SEM_INIT(&empty, 0);
  PT_SEM_INIT(&full, BUFSIZE);
  PT_SEM_INIT(&mutex, 1);

  PT_INIT(&pt_producer);
  PT_INIT(&pt_consumer);

  PT_WAIT_THREAD(pt, producer(&pt_producer) &
		     consumer(&pt_consumer));

  PT_END(pt);
}
 \endcode
 *
 * The program uses three protothreads: one protothread that
 * implements the consumer, one thread that implements the producer,
 * and one protothread that drives the two other protothreads. The
 * program uses three semaphores: "full", "empty" and "mutex". The
 * "mutex" semaphore is used to provide mutual exclusion for the
 * buffer, the "empty" semaphore is used to block the consumer is the
 * buffer is empty, and the "full" semaphore is used to block the
 * producer is the buffer is full.
 *
 * The "driver_thread" holds two protothread state variables,
 * "pt_producer" and "pt_consumer". It is important to note that both
 * these variables are declared as <i>static</i>. If the static
 * keyword is not used, both variables are stored on the stack. Since
 * protothreads do not store the stack, these variables may be
 * overwritten during a protothread wait operation. Similarly, both
 * the "consumer" and "producer" protothreads declare their local
 * variables as static, to avoid them being stored on the stack.
 * 
 *
 */
   
/**
 * \file
 * Counting semaphores implemented on protothreads
 * \author
 * Adam Dunkels <adam@sics.se>
 *
 */

#ifndef PT_SEM_H_
#define PT_SEM_H_

#include "sys/pt.h"

struct pt_sem {
  unsigned int head, tail;
};

#define PT_SEM_COUNT(s) ((s)->head - (s)->tail)

/**
 * Initialize a semaphore
 *
 * This macro initializes a semaphore with a value for the
 * counter. Internally, the semaphores use an "unsigned int" to
 * represent the counter, and therefore the "count" argument should be
 * within range of an unsigned int.
 *
 * \param s (struct pt_sem *) A pointer to the pt_sem struct
 * representing the semaphore
 *
 * \param c (unsigned int) The initial count of the semaphore.
 * \hideinitializer
 */
#define PT_SEM_INIT(s, c)			\
  do {						\
    (s)->tail = 0;				\
    (s)->head = (c);				\
  } while(0)

/**
 * Wait for a semaphore
 *
 * This macro carries out the "wait" operation on the semaphore. The
 * wait operation causes the protothread to block while the counter is
 * zero. When the counter reaches a value larger than zero, the
 * protothread will continue.
 *
 * \param pt (struct pt *) A pointer to the protothread (struct pt) in
 * which the operation is executed.
 *
 * \param s (struct pt_sem *) A pointer to the pt_sem struct
 * representing the semaphore
 *
 * \hideinitializer
 */
#define PT_SEM_WAIT(pt, s)	\
  do {						\
    PT_WAIT_UNTIL(pt, PT_SEM_COUNT(s) > 0);	\
    ++(s)->tail;				\
  } while(0)

/**
 * Signal a semaphore
 *
 * This macro carries out the "signal" operation on the semaphore. The
 * signal operation increments the counter inside the semaphore, which
 * eventually will cause waiting protothreads to continue executing.
 *
 * \param pt (struct pt *) A pointer to the protothread (struct pt) in
 * which the operation is executed.
 *
 * \param s (struct pt_sem *) A pointer to the pt_sem struct
 * representing the semaphore
 *
 * \hideinitializer
 */
#define PT_SEM_SIGNAL(pt, s) (++(s)->head)

#endif /* PT_SEM_H_ */

/** @} */
/** @} */
   
