{"id":1246975284588482600,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137050000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…it can readily spread to others. Over the course of a week, in some patients, it will move into the lung neighborhood and replicate just as SARS-1 would, causing severe symptoms, by which point the person is quarantined, but no matter since it had successfully spread.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":9,"retweets_count":509,"likes_count":3195,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975284588482561","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975283346931700,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137049000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"SARS-2, on the other hand, takes up residence in the throat cells first, which doesn’t cause significant symptoms. The person can remain asymptomatic or might not think they have anything worse than a cold. And from that person’s throat…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":47,"retweets_count":731,"likes_count":3750,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975283346931713","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975282181005300,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137049000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...from where it could spread to others with a cough (or just breathing). But b/c SARS-1 patients got very sick from all the virus replicating in their lungs, they were quarantined before others got close enough to get sneezed or coughed on.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":7,"retweets_count":415,"likes_count":3008,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975282181005317","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975281329590300,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137049000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…via a droplet in the air (from cough) & quickly start infecting lung cells, causing severe damage person could really feel (i.e. become symptomatic). In other words, SARS-1 quickly made its presence known. In some patients, SARS-1 would go into the upper airways to replicate...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":5,"retweets_count":407,"likes_count":2938,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975281329590272","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975280322875400,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137049000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…covered in CD4 & CCR5 doorknobs that HIV knows how to turn. That makes HIV the kind of virus that destroys our immune system. Well, the ACE2 doorknob that SARS-1 & SARS-2 use is present on a variety of cells, including those in our lungs & throat. SARS-1 would enter a person…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":14,"retweets_count":402,"likes_count":3020,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975280322875393","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975279286964200,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137048000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:28","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...& hence, are not quite alive). So what viruses see are a bunch of houses w/ varying doorknobs & they try to spread through the neighborhood (our bodies) looking for houses (cells) covered in the doorknobs that they know how to turn. HIV enters T cells b/c T cells are...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":11,"retweets_count":407,"likes_count":3170,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975279286964229","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975278154428400,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137048000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:28","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…such as regulating blood pressure, our immune response, sugar levels in our blood, etc.  But viruses have evolved to grab onto one or more proteins to gain entry into cells, where they hijack the cell’s machinery to make more viruses. (Viruses can't replicate on their own...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":10,"retweets_count":460,"likes_count":3434,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975278154428417","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975277084946400,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137048000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:28","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"For example, HIV has to turn two doorknobs: CD4 and typically CCR5. MERS attached to one called DPP4. All our cells are covered in all kinds of proteins that make them distinctive from one another. Those proteins aren’t there to let in viruses. They have all kinds of functions…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":14,"retweets_count":470,"likes_count":3468,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975277084946432","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975276053119000,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137048000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:28","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…attach via their external spike protein to a protein on our cells called ACE2. Think of it as a particular doorknob that the virus knows how to turn. Every virus has a particular type of doorknob that it attaches to and turns so it can enter (infect) a cell.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":42,"retweets_count":585,"likes_count":4062,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975276053118976","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975275021348900,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137047000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:27","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"While not technically alive, there's an evil genius to viruses that never ceases to amaze me. It's one reason I became a virologist. A recent Nature paper reveal a remarkable trick SARS-Cov-2 learned that makes it nastier than the first SARS. Both viruses…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1129,"retweets_count":22718,"likes_count":50414,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975275021348865","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246530514451914800,"conversation_id":"1246525901074022400","created_at":1586031008000,"date":"2020-04-04","time":"20:10:08","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"The reforms we need would do two things. 1) extend insurance (eg something Medicare-like) to all who currently don’t have it and 2) require that any health insurance plan in America (Medicare & private) provide access to appropriate care w/ low or even no out of pocket costs.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":19,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246530514451914752","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246530307785883600,"conversation_id":"1246525901074022400","created_at":1586030959000,"date":"2020-04-04","time":"20:09:19","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"To be clear, that’s not the same as Medicare for all. Medicare for those who have nothing would be better than nothing. Medicare for those who have it still leave some with high out of pocket costs, which is why Congress has been debating capping those.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":3,"likes_count":13,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246530307785883654","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245776730733908000,"conversation_id":"1245375209839919104","created_at":1585851292000,"date":"2020-04-02","time":"18:14:52","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"April 4th is a Saturday! So this goes until Saturday at 5pm ET.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":0,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":2,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245776730733907968","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245684960700309500,"conversation_id":"1245679130710073344","created_at":1585829412000,"date":"2020-04-02","time":"12:10:12","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Please spread the word. If you agree with a call to action, then amplify it (“likes” are nice but don’t DO anything). Covid isn’t a spectator sport.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":6,"likes_count":11,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245684960700309507","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245427596952842200,"conversation_id":"1245426968121745409","created_at":1585768052000,"date":"2020-04-01","time":"19:07:32","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"It’s my favorite club.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":0,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":1,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245427596952842241","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245375226210377700,"conversation_id":"1245375209839919104","created_at":1585755566000,"date":"2020-04-01","time":"15:39:26","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"And no, this is not an April 1st prank. We're putting those off to next year.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":0,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":13,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245375226210377729","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245375225136586800,"conversation_id":"1245375209839919104","created_at":1585755566000,"date":"2020-04-01","time":"15:39:26","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"And though you’ll have to follow me to enter the drawing, you can unfollow after if you like. But consider staying on. We’ll be putting out more tutorials and promoting job openings at our portfolio companies from time to time.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":6,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245375225136586754","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245375223995777000,"conversation_id":"1245375209839919104","created_at":1585755566000,"date":"2020-04-01","time":"15:39:26","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Why are we offering $$$? A publicity stunt? We considered paying Twitter to promote this tutorial but decided $$$ was way better put into pockets of scientists, especially in midst of a recession. Hope Twitter won't mind. We’ll pick the 3 winners on April 4th (Friday) at 5pm.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":6,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245375223995777024","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245375222796243000,"conversation_id":"1245375209839919104","created_at":1585755565000,"date":"2020-04-01","time":"15:39:25","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"To be eligible to win $1000, you’ll need to do 3 things. \n\n1) retweet this, \n2) Follow me so that I can DM you if you’re selected, & \n3) Actually view this tutorial (you’ll need to enter only your email in the linked form to get the slides).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":7,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245375222796242944","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245375221286277000,"conversation_id":"1245375209839919104","created_at":1585755565000,"date":"2020-04-01","time":"15:39:25","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"We don’t mean to say that equity is everything. It’s hardly most important part of any job. But all else being equal, scientists should have financial literacy to understand the equity part of every job offer (& what to do with it later). So please view this tutorial & share it.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":3,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245375221286277120","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245375219163947000,"conversation_id":"1245375209839919104","created_at":1585755564000,"date":"2020-04-01","time":"15:39:24","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"The first few scientists who start asking for more information based on our slides might be viewed as difficult. But if everyone starts asking, it will be the new norm & companies will treat employees like the investors they are… of their time, not money (but time=money!).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":5,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245375219163947008","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245375218023047200,"conversation_id":"1245375209839919104","created_at":1585755564000,"date":"2020-04-01","time":"15:39:24","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Already, our slides have been downloaded by hundreds of scientists throughout the biotech industry. That’s a good start. But unless many more do & start to ask for the information they need to value an equity offer, some companies may not change their ways.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":3,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245375218023047175","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245375216785686500,"conversation_id":"1245375209839919104","created_at":1585755564000,"date":"2020-04-01","time":"15:39:24","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Not telling a candidate the denominator (total shares outstanding) or other info they need to know to value the equity is like offering to pay someone 10,000 but not telling them in what currency. $10,000 is worth way more than 10,000 Yen... more than 50,000 Yen.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":8,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245375216785686528","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245375215359742000,"conversation_id":"1245375209839919104","created_at":1585755563000,"date":"2020-04-01","time":"15:39:23","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…companies have come to expect that they won’t be asked for such basic information. For example, we’ve heard of candidates who ask for the denominator being told that it’s confidential. If they persist in asking, some have been told they were being difficult and rejected.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245375215359741953","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245375214151782400,"conversation_id":"1245375209839919104","created_at":1585755563000,"date":"2020-04-01","time":"15:39:23","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Some candidates only compare 10,000 to 50,000 and assume that more is better, but they don’t ask for the denominator. That’s just one bit of info they need to ask for to know which is more valuable. However other problem is that, after years of hiring unsophisticated candidates…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":3,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245375214151782400","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245375212461441000,"conversation_id":"1245375209839919104","created_at":1585755563000,"date":"2020-04-01","time":"15:39:23","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Here’s what I mean. A company with 1M shares offers a scientist 10,000 options, which is 1% of the company. Another company with 20M shares offers 50,000 options, which is 0.25% of the company. Today, two problems are common.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":5,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245375212461441026","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1245375211291148300,"conversation_id":"1245375209839919104","created_at":1585755562000,"date":"2020-04-01","time":"15:39:22","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Why are we doing this? Because as supporters of biotech companies working on projects we think are important, we want them to more effectively recruit great scientists, but right now there’s a valuable part of their offers that candidates sometimes can’t evaluate.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":5,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1245375211291148289","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244976373359411200,"conversation_id":"1244976353595871232","created_at":1585660472000,"date":"2020-03-31","time":"13:14:32","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Anyone who has had to grapple with getting their medical bills paid won’t be surprised by how America’s insurance system is treating people coming in for Covid-related care.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":17,"likes_count":202,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244976373359411200","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244976369433481200,"conversation_id":"1244976353595871232","created_at":1585660471000,"date":"2020-03-31","time":"13:14:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Why can’t we accept that whether insurance actually is insurance is based on whether it makes appropriate healthcare affordable. If it doesn’t, it’s not insurance. It’s just false advertisement. Congress must fix this. As far as the relationship between insurance and...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":11,"retweets_count":81,"likes_count":484,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244976369433481219","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244976368301072400,"conversation_id":"1244976353595871232","created_at":1585660471000,"date":"2020-03-31","time":"13:14:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...then the debt hangs over you, ruins your credit, and maybe even drives you into bankruptcy. Or finally, maybe you skip the treatment that your own insurance said was appropriate in the first place. So what the hell is wrong with America!?","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":27,"likes_count":304,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244976368301072384","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244976367177019400,"conversation_id":"1244976353595871232","created_at":1585660471000,"date":"2020-03-31","time":"13:14:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Now maybe you can pay, so really insurance just saved itself a bunch of money. Or maybe you get the procedure & then can’t pay, in which case either the hospital eats the costs and has to make up for it by charging more elsewhere (even hospitals have to balance budgets), but...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":22,"likes_count":249,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244976367177019392","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244976365990011000,"conversation_id":"1244976353595871232","created_at":1585660470000,"date":"2020-03-31","time":"13:14:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...by requiring that your doctor get “prior authorization” from your insurance before letting you get a particular procedure or drug. And yet, even after authorizing it, the insurance plan tries to discourage you from getting it by charging you out of pocket costs.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":33,"likes_count":292,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244976365990010881","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244976364798857200,"conversation_id":"1244976353595871232","created_at":1585660470000,"date":"2020-03-31","time":"13:14:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...for the person now blind & their family & friends. You might think insurance just wants to be sure that you are taking only medicines you really need, so they want to see you pay something for that drug.  But consider that insurance plans routinely review treatments...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":20,"likes_count":277,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244976364798857218","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244976363603406800,"conversation_id":"1244976353595871232","created_at":1585660470000,"date":"2020-03-31","time":"13:14:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...patients with many diseases into not seeking or sticking with appropriate care. People don’t go to the doctor to avoid a bill, don’t get a generic glaucoma eye drop that could save their vision, & then go blind. That ends up being a higher cost to society, and heartbreaking...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":44,"likes_count":360,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244976363603406850","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244976362466824200,"conversation_id":"1244976353595871232","created_at":1585660470000,"date":"2020-03-31","time":"13:14:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...but will wait a longer to see if they get better on their own, and then will come in when they can’t stand it anymore. The treatments might then not be as effective. Covid is just showing everyone what some have long known: how insurance plans, including a Medicare, nudge...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":43,"likes_count":345,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244976362466824192","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244976361011380200,"conversation_id":"1244976353595871232","created_at":1585660469000,"date":"2020-03-31","time":"13:14:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...and then suffer longer and spread the virus. imagine what happens when we do develop treatments for covid that logically work best when you start them early. Those threatened with high out of pocket costs won’t come in at the first sign of distress...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":40,"likes_count":366,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244976361011380225","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244976359874736000,"conversation_id":"1244976353595871232","created_at":1585660469000,"date":"2020-03-31","time":"13:14:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...insurance doesn’t care. Nor does it care that skin-in-the-game, both deductible and copayments (together, out of pocket costs), don’t so much deter people from getting sick but from seeking appropriate care.  So they won’t go in for covid testing b/c they might get a bill...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":51,"likes_count":431,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244976359874736128","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244976358708691000,"conversation_id":"1244976353595871232","created_at":1585660469000,"date":"2020-03-31","time":"13:14:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...struggle to afford a $1500 hospital charge will socially distance more effectively to not catch covid. Of course, those are also the same people who sometimes can’t afford to stay home. Maybe they work at a nursing home & have vulnerable people depending on them. No matter...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":42,"likes_count":392,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244976358708690944","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244976354698899500,"conversation_id":"1244976353595871232","created_at":1585660468000,"date":"2020-03-31","time":"13:14:28","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"the fact insurance companies fundamentally believe that you won’t stay healthy unless they threaten you with high costs if you get sick & seek treatment. It’s called “skin in the game”. That’s what your deductible & copays are.  So the premise is that those who might...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":4,"retweets_count":68,"likes_count":439,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244976354698899457","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244976353595871200,"conversation_id":"1244976353595871232","created_at":1585660467000,"date":"2020-03-31","time":"13:14:27","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"COVID-19 is a pathogen but it’s also a diagnostic test being run on America’s health insurance system. The results are coming in and they aren’t good. We need immediate, emergency #insurancereform. For example, covid will give millions of healthy people a taste of...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":36,"retweets_count":598,"likes_count":1280,"hashtags":["#insurancereform"],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244976353595871232","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244614997113700400,"conversation_id":"1244614994278432768","created_at":1585574313000,"date":"2020-03-30","time":"13:18:33","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"The book might also give you a better sense of who the heroes and villains are in the stories of the EpiPen, DTC advertising, and the opioid crisis. You can guess at some, but few appreciate the real cast of characters. Good one for a book club - best discussed w/ others.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":13,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244614997113700354","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244029906033561600,"conversation_id":"1244029896453754880","created_at":1585434817000,"date":"2020-03-28","time":"22:33:37","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Covid-19 is a shock to all of us, but that doesn’t mean that it’s likely behaving radically differently from what we know of other viruses, even other coronaviruses. Odds are high there will be a simpler explanation soon if it’s not out there already (please send if you see one).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":186,"retweets_count":809,"likes_count":6130,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244029906033561601","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244029905190469600,"conversation_id":"1244029896453754880","created_at":1585434817000,"date":"2020-03-28","time":"22:33:37","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"That’s how immunity works. Immunity can fade, but not on the scale on weeks that these reports suggest.  Maybe after a year. So for now, these reports of “reinfections” are likely just an artifact of imperfect testing.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":48,"retweets_count":995,"likes_count":5243,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244029905190469634","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244029904259350500,"conversation_id":"1244029896453754880","created_at":1585434816000,"date":"2020-03-28","time":"22:33:36","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"And covid is barely mutating the parts that the immune system recognizes (the spike protein), so once a patient beats their high level of virus, they would easily be able to beat back whatever little virus they might get exposed to from others.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":25,"retweets_count":599,"likes_count":3489,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244029904259350532","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244029903475007500,"conversation_id":"1244029896453754880","created_at":1585434816000,"date":"2020-03-28","time":"22:33:36","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"The main reason I’m skeptical that patients were actually reinfected so soon after recovering is due to what we know of the virus and recovery. Patients who beat their infection (and ~98-99% do), do so because their immune systems rev up enough to beat it.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":27,"retweets_count":683,"likes_count":3806,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244029903475007488","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244029901566607400,"conversation_id":"1244029896453754880","created_at":1585434816000,"date":"2020-03-28","time":"22:33:36","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Any responsible coverage of these “reinfection” rumors makes the point that we should not assume that these recovered patients actually were reinfected again or even that the low levels of viral material detected means they are infectious to others.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":22,"retweets_count":693,"likes_count":4220,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244029901566607361","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244029900790673400,"conversation_id":"1244029896453754880","created_at":1585434815000,"date":"2020-03-28","time":"22:33:35","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"3) but it’s also sometimes the case that the test yields a false negative result; maybe the swab didn’t pick up enough material or was mishandled, so the next retest turning up positive could be catching the original infection, not a new one.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":22,"retweets_count":531,"likes_count":3897,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244029900790673413","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244029900039819300,"conversation_id":"1244029896453754880","created_at":1585434815000,"date":"2020-03-28","time":"22:33:35","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"2) these tests can be very sensitive at detecting viral genetic material, even it’s just a non-infectious byproduct of the immune system conquering the virus.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":9,"retweets_count":496,"likes_count":3652,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244029900039819264","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244029897414193200,"conversation_id":"1244029896453754880","created_at":1585434815000,"date":"2020-03-28","time":"22:33:35","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"1) The patients have likely indeed recovered from their covid infection and are on their way to clearing the virus as their immune system hunts down every infected cell and stray virion. But there are still lingering bits and pieces of the virus around.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":22,"retweets_count":606,"likes_count":4089,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244029897414193152","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1244029896453755000,"conversation_id":"1244029896453754880","created_at":1585434814000,"date":"2020-03-28","time":"22:33:34","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If you are hearing about #covid19 “reinfections” in Asia, I can offer you my take as a virologist. The best explanation for what we’re seeing is likely due to three things...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":556,"retweets_count":14497,"likes_count":30556,"hashtags":["#covid19"],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1244029896453754880","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242781096410054700,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585137077000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"11:51:17","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Someone pointed out that coronaviruses still mutate & could evolve away from a vaccine, even if slowly. That’s true. But we’ll have lots of time to keep up w/ it & adapt the vaccine... flu gives us a heads up of a few months. Coronavirus would likely be years. still reassuring.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":9,"retweets_count":32,"likes_count":208,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242781096410054656","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242778696135725000,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585136505000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"11:41:45","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"No, sort of. While over very long run viruses definitely evolve by picking up genetic material from their hosts (& depositing plenty of their material into their hosts genomes- we have tons of cool retroviral dna!), this doesn’t happen on timescales that matter to us. So no.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":0,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":12,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242778696135725056","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242695218903888000,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585116603000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"06:10:03","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...[caught an error- swapping segments/pages is actually called “re-assortment”. Only rarer splicing of segments (top half of A w/bottom half of B) is recombination. Not important for understanding this thread but still gotta get it right.]...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":0,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":8,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242695218903887872","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242664879569408000,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585109369000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"04:09:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Thank you to the virologist at a company that's now working on a vaccine who reminded me of this key difference between coronavirus & flu when I asked them if they were planning to have to adapt their vaccine annually. Scientists in labs go unrecognized yet should be celebrities.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":20,"retweets_count":61,"likes_count":555,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242664879569408002","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654655030743000,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106931000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:51","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"But it's not mutating in ways that are significant enough to rapidly evade immunity from a vaccine (not like flu). So don't let big, multi-branched graphs that track every little mutation make you think we'll have to develop a new COVID19 vaccine each year. It's simpler than flu.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":4,"retweets_count":50,"likes_count":239,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654655030743051","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654653881385000,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106931000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:51","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...b/c COVID19's genome is unsegmented (one page)... & it can't pull off the face-swapping tricks flu can w/ its 8-page segmented genome.  Now some will point out data that the virus is already mutating. It is.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":4,"retweets_count":31,"likes_count":170,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654653881384963","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654652572881000,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106931000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:51","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"And while that immunity will likely fade & need reboosting periodically with likely same vaccine from year to year (e.g. as is case for most vaccines; e.g. measles vaccine doesn't change), COVID19 won't be able to mutate away from our vaccines nearly as rapidly as flu can...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":39,"likes_count":201,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654652572880896","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654651121578000,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106930000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:50","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"and now that it's here, it's as new to us as a shifted flu strain that we've never seen before, and it's causing a pandemic.  But once it's torn through our population or, better still, we've developed a vaccine to this strain (and all taken it!), we'll have herd immunity to it.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":30,"likes_count":195,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654651121577994","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654649905221600,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106930000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:50","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"That's a pandemic. COVID-19 was brewing within bats for a long time, mutating into its current form through typos &, to a less extent, rare recombination events among coronaviruses...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":4,"retweets_count":32,"likes_count":182,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654649905221635","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654648810573800,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106930000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:50","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"But when the flu suddenly puts on a radically different face it picked up b/c it swapped a page w/ a bird or pig flu strain that most people haven't seen and to which we don't have a vaccine, that virus can evade our herd immunity entirely, cutting through all of us unopposed.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":33,"likes_count":174,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654648810573824","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654647564865500,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106930000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:50","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Some years, the flu swaps out a page with a less familiar strain (e.g. one from 10 years ago) & we have to hope the vaccine is well-matched to that strain to protect ourselves or else we suffer a bad flu season since our immune system is less ready to fight it off.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":30,"likes_count":157,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654647564865537","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654646109376500,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106929000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:49","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"To the extent that the flu virus we see one year is only slightly different than the ones we've seen in recent years, our immune systems are at least partially prepared and so we are partly protected and, if we get sick, it might be milder.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":28,"likes_count":152,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654646109376513","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654644859535400,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106929000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:49","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"These mutations in the code cause features of the virus to change gradually, a process called \"drift\". When it swaps pages entirely with a different flu virus, we call that \"shift\". Drift through typos tends to cause small changes. Shift through recombination causes bigger ones.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":4,"retweets_count":33,"likes_count":180,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654644859535361","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654643504795600,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106929000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:49","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...a bit of smudged ink makes an \"i\" look like an \"l\".  The bad scanner with bad transcription software then prints out the reprocessed text on a bad printer which introduces more smudges... and then the scanner scans that new page, makes more mistakes, prints again, etc.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":29,"likes_count":151,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654643504795648","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654642250625000,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106928000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:48","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"But both flu & coronoviruses mutate another way I can best describe as typos that are introduce by the copy machines. Think of the copy machine as more of a scanner that transcribes the image of the page into text (ever use software that does that?), introducing typos where...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":29,"likes_count":172,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654642250625026","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654640971436000,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106928000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:48","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"That's also called recombination and it happens, but it's much rarer and harder than two 8-page reports swapping pages, which happens more often with flu viruses.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":28,"likes_count":186,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654640971436037","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654639973118000,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106928000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:48","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"But coronavirus is just a one-page report. That page tends to stay together and it takes a pretty weird situation for the top half of report A to end up fused to the bottom half of report B. The pages would need to tear at similar spots.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":36,"likes_count":231,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654639973117957","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654638987509800,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106927000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:47","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"In the fight, some copies might turn out to have a mix of pages from their reports. A mixed report might have Page 1 from report A and pages 2-8 from report B. It's easy to see how  flu can change it looks  easily when multiple flu strains pass through the same host, esp animals.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":32,"likes_count":176,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654638987509761","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654637586616300,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106927000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:47","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"mix & match a character's shirt, pants, nose, hair, etc to create different looks. That page swapping process where viruses exchange parts of their genome is called recombination. Think of it this way... imagine two people with 8-page reports fighting over a copy machine.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":31,"likes_count":205,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654637586616320","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654636349296600,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106927000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:47","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Because the major parts of the flu virus are described on separate pages (segments) of its genome, when two different flu viruses infect the same cell, they can swap pages.  In this case, the flu virus is like one of those avatars you make in an app where you can...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":37,"likes_count":208,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654636349296641","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654635019702300,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106927000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:47","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...making copies of its genome & following its own instructions for making other parts that assemble into more viruses. The flu virus, however, has 8 genomic segments. Its code fits on 8 pages. That's not common for viruses and it gives the flu a special ability.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":39,"likes_count":225,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654635019702272","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654633568407600,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106926000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:46","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...just one long strand of genetic material. That makes it an \"unsegmented\" virus. Its genomic code fits on one page. The genome describes the virus and provides instructions for how to make more of that virus. When a virus gets into the cell, it accesses machinery for both...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":4,"retweets_count":49,"likes_count":293,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654633568407553","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242654632305995800,"conversation_id":"1242654632305995778","created_at":1585106926000,"date":"2020-03-25","time":"03:28:46","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Here's something I once learned in virology school that should make you feel a bit better about why, unlike the flu, #COVID19 most likely won't be able to mutate to escape the vaccines we're developing. It has to do with the fact that COVID-19's genome is made up of...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":120,"retweets_count":1467,"likes_count":3179,"hashtags":["#covid19"],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242654632305995778","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548912604565500,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081720000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:40","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If you have kids, then you clearly have no time for anything, but as a science lesson, maybe use my analogy to explain to them how vaccines work. We need everyone to learn about vaccines and appreciate them. Because when we finally have them, we need everyone to take them...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":29,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548912604565504","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548909676925000,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081720000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:40","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"or hoping you can control dose to make keep infection mild. So please don't fuel this idea. Don't try anything like it at home. Instead, settle in for some extended seclusion. Wait for a vaccine. Catch up on reading. If you worry vaccines won't be affordable, then consider...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":14,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548909676924933","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548908284424200,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081719000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:39","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...b/c of Covid. Gov't can provide funding to landlords to offset missed rent. If anyone loses their homes, it's a failure of our gov't to provide  right support to  right points in economy.  The solution is absolutely not to expose people to covid to \"just get it over with\"...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":21,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548908284424192","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548906870870000,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081719000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:39","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...has to provide cheap loans/grants to businesses to avoid layoffs & unemployment benefits to everyone else. There's enough food for everyone even if money system we use to spread that food around has been disrupted. It's not actually necessary for anyone to be evicted...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":15,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548906870870016","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548905658716200,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081719000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:39","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...deny them your financial support. Pretend they are like your employee & you are keeping them on payroll. If your own paycheck has been cut as a result of covid distancing, then you obviously can't support others in the same way, which is why the government...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":19,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548905658716163","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548904287260700,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081718000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:38","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If you collect a steady paycheck & normally would see a barber once a month who you now worry is suffering, then you can cut your own hair but can still send a check to your barber. You can do the same with your favorite restaurant. Deny yourself their services, but don't...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":27,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548904287260672","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548902655656000,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081718000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:38","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"just flood into the streets, bars, & offices or we'll respark the pandemic. We need to wait until vaccines come along. People say that distancing is killing the economy. It's doesn't have to. Society can cut checks to everyone who doesn't have the income to hold out.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":3,"likes_count":32,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548902655655936","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548901145718800,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081718000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:38","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Means social distancing, cleaning, masks of some kind in public whenever possible (save best masks for healthcare workers), and generally trying not to be burden on  healthcare system while it deals with all the infected people. Even if/when we get it under control, we can't...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":30,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548901145718786","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548898352291800,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081717000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:37","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...done in a controlled environment, under clinical trial protocols. That would take a while, long that we would likely already have a vaccine by then. But we don't have such anti-viral drugs w/ which to control the virus. In fact...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":17,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548898352291841","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548896804593700,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081717000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:37","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...land them in the hospital, taking up precious beds. Maybe if we had really great drugs that would blunt the infection, you might consider  exposing some people to covid & then treating them so their symptoms stay mild. And it would have to be...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":19,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548896804593664","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548895416234000,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081716000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:36","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"We have no idea what would happen if you exposed people intentionally to low doses. We don't know how low those doses would need to be to cause sufficiently mild disease that it would be \"safe\" to do so. People might have a lower chance of death, but their disease might still....","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":6,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":25,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548895416233991","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548893851754500,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081716000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:36","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...but the point is that modern vaccines typically educate the immune system without risking actually putting any dangerous pathogens into people. That's what dozens of companies are now working to create for Covid19.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":32,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548893851754503","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548892387938300,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081716000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:36","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Or it might involve just injecting mRNA encoding the viral proteins, which is like giving police instructions on how to create a harmless clones of  bad guy's body parts and face to study up close. This analogy is getting a bit absurd and doesn't do modern technology justice...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":37,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548892387938304","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548890752159700,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081715000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:35","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Extending this analogy, modern vaccines may involved killed virus, eg dropping body of bad guy clone on  doorstep of police station. Or might just have viral proteins w/ immune stimulant, which is like planting bad guy's head on a spike w/ neon lights in front of police station.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":37,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548890752159745","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548889514848300,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081715000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:35","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"By comparison, a vaccination could be introducing the bad guy's comparatively mild mannered, petty-criminal brother (e.g. cowpox) to the neighborhood for the police to find, though he can still do some harm.  But more modern vaccines are even safer... no criminals at all.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":30,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548889514848257","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548888151752700,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081715000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:35","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...he'll be caught & photographed before the evil clone army (the virus) takes over the city.  Sometimes the bad guy runs into the city, replicates, and takes over (death), then invades other cities (other people).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":34,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548888151752710","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548886893473800,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081714000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:34","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Here's a crude analogy: A vaccine shows the police a picture of a bad guy (who can clone himself) so they can recognize and stop an approaching evil clone army from taking over the city. Variolation means dropping one bad guy on outskirts of the city w/ the expectation that...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":3,"likes_count":37,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548886893473792","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548885471604700,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081714000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:34","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...the same pathogen you want to protect them from. The first vaccination was using live cowpox (didn't cause serious disease in most people) to generate immunity that also shielded them from cowpox but also smallpox.  w/ similar vaccines, we eradicated smallpox globally in 1980.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":36,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548885471604738","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548884137808000,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081714000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:34","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Variolation not only still killed but was also dangerous because  infection could spread out of control to others & be just as deadly... it's still smallpox! The practice spread throughout the world in 1700s. Vaccination, however, means immunizing w/ something other than...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":3,"likes_count":33,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548884137807872","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548881147248600,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081713000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:33","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Hundreds of years ago, before there were vaccines and smallpox was killing 30% of those it infected, it was discovered in Asia that scratching a bit of ground up scab from patient w/ a mild case into the skin of an uninfected person would give them an infection...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":32,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548881147248641","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242548879788314600,"conversation_id":"1242548879788314624","created_at":1585081713000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"20:28:33","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"As a virologist, I find it deeply concerning that some are proposing to expose healthy people to low doses of #COVID19 to make them immune. The public should know that, while there's a seemingly rational basis for this suggestion rooted in history, it's dangerous...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":15,"retweets_count":85,"likes_count":213,"hashtags":["#covid19"],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242548879788314624","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242496545624293400,"conversation_id":"1242491381362446339","created_at":1585069235000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"17:00:35","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"That would be an interesting variation on an insurance plan. Many people can’t put that much money down, but for those who can, good idea. Certainly shows motivation to take the medicine.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":0,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":0,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242496545624293376","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242488177169969200,"conversation_id":"1242452183418880003","created_at":1585067240000,"date":"2020-03-24","time":"16:27:20","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"I agree with you. This is obtuse. They don’t want waste (on used drugs) & don’t want to pay too far ahead (just as most doesn’t want to have to prepay mortgage in 6 month chunks). there are some 90 days scripts & mail order automatic refills, so not all bad.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":0,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":0,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242488177169969153","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242208129699496000,"conversation_id":"1242208120308477953","created_at":1585000471000,"date":"2020-03-23","time":"21:54:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"And if you work in biotech/pharma, you should arm yourself with data & arguments in this book b/c it’s just a matter of time before your grandmother blames you for her unaffordable meds over family dinner... she’s right about the problem, and you can be right about the solution.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":17,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242208129699495939","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242208127606575000,"conversation_id":"1242208120308477953","created_at":1585000471000,"date":"2020-03-23","time":"21:54:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"The part about insurance will make your jaw drop & check your plan. I cover DTC advertising, EpiPen, why it’s good for US that drug companies charge less in other countries, good price controls, stopping price-jacking, alternatives to patents, & the Biotech Social Contract.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":9,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242208127606575104","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1242208126427902000,"conversation_id":"1242208120308477953","created_at":1585000471000,"date":"2020-03-23","time":"21:54:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Read this book especially if you really want to know what you can legitimately dislike about the drug industry (yes, there are some dark practices) yet suspect that it maybe it’s not as bad as it’s made out (eg if you enjoy thinking Freakonomically instead of conventionally).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":13,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1242208126427901954","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1241563929886822400,"conversation_id":"1241563904800624640","created_at":1584846882000,"date":"2020-03-22","time":"03:14:42","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So bottom line: Just as Covid-19 has driven us into isolation in our homes, politically it could trigger a series of election reforms that could help bring us closer together for the long run.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":17,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1241563929886822400","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
