{"id":1249476044693876700,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733277000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:37","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…been given a false-positive antibody (serology) test result might think they can go back to work w/o being worried about SARS2 b/c they are immune. They could become lax in their social distancing & hand washing. They could become infected & help spread the virus.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":68,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476044693876738","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476043548876800,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733277000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:37","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…the test ”has a 95% specificity” or ”is 95% specific”. & that means that other 5% were false-positives. So just subtract the specificity of a test from 100 & you’ll know its false-positive rate. Here’s what’s so bad about a specificity less than 100%. A person who has…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":68,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476043548876801","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476042445783000,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733277000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:37","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If there are 100 people who definitely have not been infected with SARS2 & therefore definitely shouldn’t considered themselves recovered, & a test correctly says that 95 of them are negative (don’t have antibodies that recognize SARS2 in them) then we say…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":62,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476042445783041","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476041313267700,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733277000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:37","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So now we have a person who actually has never been exposed to SARS2 (merely other coronaviruses) but thinks that they have recovered & therefore are now immune. When a diagnostic test makes such a mistake, we call it a false-positive result.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":78,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476041313267714","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476040193388500,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733276000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:36","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Still, when diagnostic test looks for SARS2 antibody-dogs in blood sample of a person who’s never been infected, then if there are enough of these confused antibody-dogs attaching to diagnostic test surface, e.g. biting into a familiar looking button, the test lights up positive.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":62,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476040193388549","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476039035834400,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733276000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:36","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So whatever confused, cross-reacting antibody-dogs trained on common cold viruses some people might have, they tend to be pretty harmless to SARS2, maybe recognizing a shoelace or button on the SARS2 jacket, & don’t do anything to protect a person from infection w/ SARS2.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":65,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476039035834378","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476037941121000,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733276000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:36","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…of SARS2 b/c it wouldn’t have turned into a pandemic in the first place. The fact that SARS2 has spread so wildly is precisely b/c it has so little in common of importance with other viruses to which we have immunity.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":3,"likes_count":78,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476037941121025","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476037005791200,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733276000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:36","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…like the hands (ie receptor-binding domain of Spike protein), they could neutralize SARS2 by keeping it from turning doorknobs (ACE2) to break into homes in our city (infect cells in our body). If that had been the case, we probably never would have heard…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":69,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476037005791241","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476035281895400,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733275000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:35","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…can recognize and bite down on similar looking parts of SARS2. Why aren’t we protected against SARS2, then?  Because there are very few parts in common & they aren’t important parts like the hands. If the common cold antibody-dogs recognized critical pieces…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":70,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476035281895428","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476033834897400,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733275000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:35","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"There are four other coronaviruses that regularly infect humans & merely cause common colds. We’ve all been infected by them and have antibodies against them. So some of the antibody-dogs that we all trained from our past common cold coronavirus infections…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":83,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476033834897408","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476032761036800,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733275000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:35","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…that the antibody-dogs were trained to recognize specific pieces of SARS2, not the whole virus. While two different viruses can look very different overall, they can have pieces that are the same just as two different people could have the same looking elbow.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":4,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":107,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476032761036802","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476031460913200,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733274000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:34","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…from home & so we should strive for more sensitive tests. But now let’s consider the opposite problem. The test might also tell a person that they have antibodies to SARS2 when they actually don’t and have never been infected. How might that happen? Well, consider again…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":6,"likes_count":89,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476031460913153","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476030349353000,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733274000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:34","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If they need to get back to work but are only allowed if they can prove that they recovered from COVID19 then a “less than 100%“ sensitive test will leave some recovered people unable to prove their status. That’s unfortunate for everyone who can’t work…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":6,"likes_count":90,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476030349352961","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476029250506800,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733274000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:34","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…recovered from SARS2, it will incorrectly tell 3 of them they don’t have antibodies, making them think they were never infected. So what’s the harm from a false-negative result? Such a person would continue to be cautious & try not to become infected. That will keep them alive.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":97,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476029250506753","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476028113748000,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733273000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:33","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…have SARS2 antibodies, suggesting that they weren’t infected, when really they were. A test that misses such cases of SARS2 infections is said to have a “false-negative” result. If a test is 97% sensitive for prior SARS2 infection, it means that out of 100 people…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":102,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476028113747968","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476026796826600,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733273000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:33","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So it’s possible that a person had COVID, has a trained immune system w/ antibody-dogs that recognize certain puzzle pieces of SARS2, but just not the ones that the diagnostic lab chose to attach to surface of their test. So test would say that person doesn’t…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":8,"likes_count":102,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476026796826626","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249476025710514200,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733273000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:14:33","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…no dogs for flees to attach to, which means there were no antibody-dogs in the city that could recognize & attach to bits of SARS2 stuck to our dish. But here’s the problem. The antibody-dogs only recognize their particular jigsaw piece, not the whole virus.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":95,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249476025710514176","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475268504420400,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733092000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:32","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If we see it’s lit up, we know that blood must have had SARS2-targeted antibody in it. Which means that city (person) we just drew the blood from must have previously been infected by SARS2 bad guy. If there is no light shining from the test, there must have been…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":91,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475268504420353","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475267355193300,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733092000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:32","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If there are SARS2-obsessed dogs busy biting down on the bits of SARS2 that we stuck to the surface of our test dish, the lightning fleas jump all over them & make the dogs glow. Then we wash away any fleas not stuck to a dog & we look at the diagnostic test dish.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":8,"likes_count":95,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475267355193345","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475266239496200,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733092000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:32","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Then we wash away blood & any unattached antibodies. It’s not easy to see the antibody-dogs attached to the surface, so, get this, we send in special ”lightning fleas” (cross between glowbug & fleas) that I just made up for this analogy. (real scientists, turn away).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":136,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475266239496192","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475264825954300,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733091000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…to know whether there are any antibody-dogs in there that recognize SARS2, then we just need to put bits of SARS2 on a surface of the diagnostic test plate, pour blood over it, & let antibody-dogs spot they pieces they have been trained to recognize & bite down on them.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":92,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475264825954305","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475263613866000,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733091000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So let’s get back to the issue of diagnostic tests that look for those SARS2 antibodies. Here’s how they work. When we take out some blood, it’s like we just sucked up some of the stuff from a neighborhood of their city, incoming any police dogs on the street. If we want…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":95,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475263613865984","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475261286006800,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733091000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…appearance pretty often, we have to keep track & show the immune system updated pictures. But coronaviruses don’t mutate their appearance very quickly, so we’ll be able to just expose our immune systems to the same vaccine periodically to keep them well trained…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":8,"likes_count":112,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475261286006787","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475260082241500,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733090000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"It’s true that the police & their dogs may forget what the bad guy looks like after some time. A vaccine can remind them. That’s what the shingles vaccine does, reminds us of what the chicken pox virus looks like. But in the case of a bad guy like flu that changes its…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":6,"likes_count":108,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475260082241539","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475258811326500,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733090000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…against all sorts of bad guys (eg measles) while we’re kids, which saves millions of lives each year. Most bad guys don’t change their appearance so getting the vaccine once (though typically involves 2-3 shots over few months) is enough to last us a long time.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":104,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475258811326468","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475257678921700,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733090000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…that the police can chop up into pieces to train themselves & their dogs on what to look out for. Getting & recovering from measles is a terrible way to become immune. Way better to skip the infection & gain immunity from a measles vaccines. We get vaccines…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":11,"likes_count":122,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475257678921728","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475256324165600,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733089000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…boundary again, odds are good that a dog will spot him, or really only a part of him. “What’s that? A familiar pinky! Get him!”. Now, we don’t actually need to get infected by an actual bad guy to develop immunity. We can get a vaccine. A vaccine is a picture of the bad guy…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":8,"likes_count":108,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475256324165632","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475255162286000,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733089000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…by the police, they remain on alert. Knowing that this SARS2 bad guy clone army is always out there, some of the police & their dogs continue to patrol the city forever looking for signs of the bad guy. That’s what we mean by immunity. If the bad guy shows up at the city…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":8,"likes_count":117,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475255162286082","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475253979537400,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733089000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…such a battle that the city (the person) is leveled in the process of being saved (think Avengers). That’s why some of the drugs we’re testing now are meant to prevent such escalation to let a more modest police response handle the infection. So after the city is saved…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":8,"likes_count":120,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475253979537410","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475252620492800,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733089000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"I can also expand this analogy to explain what “cytokine storm” is, in case you’ve heard that term & wondered. Imagine that a neighborhood (lungs) gets so infected that every block has a building occupied by bad guys. So the army is called in, bring out big guns, & wages…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":13,"likes_count":131,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475252620492802","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475250242404400,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733088000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:28","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…bad guy clones, then dogs attach to bad guys’ legs, hands, & noses as they climb out the windows to try to infect other houses. And so police officers will be attracted to the house & burn it down. Ok, that’s inhumane, but pretend this is a Terminator movie & bad guys…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":9,"likes_count":124,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475250242404355","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475249114054700,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733088000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:28","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"That will slow him down but won’t stop him breaking into a house. So that’s not very useful, but it’s not entirely useless. Antibodies don’t work alone. They attract immune cells (police!) which grab onto antibody & arrest the bad guy. If house is infected & spewing out…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":9,"likes_count":121,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475249114054660","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475247910408200,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733087000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:27","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…to turn a doorknob (ie. the ACE2 protein on surface of our cells) to break into (infect) a house (a cell). So the antibody-dog is said to be “neutralizing”. That’s good. But 2) an antibody-dog might also not be neutralizing yet still grab onto the bad guy, e.g. by his shoe.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":12,"likes_count":128,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475247910408192","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475246652100600,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733087000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:27","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…part of the bad guy clones. When they come across it, they bite down on that spot (technically, bind to it). That does one of two things: 1) If a dog has bitten the bad guy’s right index finger, it can prevent the bad guy from using his hand…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":11,"likes_count":124,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475246652100608","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475244433248300,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733087000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:27","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...trained to recognize unique puzzle pieces. Maybe one is keen on a puzzle piece of the bad guy’s left eye on it, another focuses on a scar, & another on the right index finger. These antibody-dogs circulate around our bodies (the city) looking for their special...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":12,"likes_count":131,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475244433248256","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475243053387800,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733086000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:26","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…into lots of pieces & train dogs to spot each piece. I know dogs are better at smelling, but that won’t really work for this analogy, so let’s pretend these are dogs that just use their sight. So with the virus broken up into a jigsaw puzzle, individual dogs (antibodies) are...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":13,"likes_count":134,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475243053387776","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475241497301000,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733086000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:26","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…has seen the virus & reacted to it. Consider viruses to be replicating clones of a bad guy & your immune system consists of police officers and their trusty attack dogs. When our immune systems see a virus for the first time our police basically chop virus clones they catch...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":16,"likes_count":166,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475241497300993","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475240138346500,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733086000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:26","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Specifically, I’ll tell you about tests that detect whether a person has developed antibodies to SARS2. These are called “serology” tests (blood “serum”). They don’t actually detect presence of the virus in a person but rather they detect evidence that your immune system…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":18,"likes_count":191,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475240138346501","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1249475238636765200,"conversation_id":"1249475238636765184","created_at":1586733085000,"date":"2020-04-12","time":"23:11:25","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Let’s talk COVID testing. Public needs to know how they work, why they can be wrong, what decisions to make based on imperfect “specificity”, & how to tell when a re-infection maybe isn’t. I’m a virology-trained, diagnostics investor & this explainer involves attack dogs.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":73,"retweets_count":872,"likes_count":2120,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1249475238636765184","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248968867919081500,"conversation_id":"1248968864752447489","created_at":1586612357000,"date":"2020-04-11","time":"13:39:17","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If you know of more such “vaccines”, append them here.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":5,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":13,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248968867919081472","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248758758836232200,"conversation_id":"1248758758836232194","created_at":1586562263000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"23:44:23","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"As we study what makes SARS2 spread & how to stop it, consider what makes insidious conspiracy theories spread like viruses, what makes people susceptible to them (eg covidiots burning down 5G towers), & how we can protect ourselves. Education & Facts = Intellectual Vaccination.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":31,"retweets_count":113,"likes_count":472,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248758758836232194","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248665739101450200,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586540085000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:34:45","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"As for affordability, it’s always been about insurance. Covid is revealing that. Patient assistance from drug companies is a patch; we need proper insurance reforms in America to cover everyone and lower out of pocket costs.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":6,"likes_count":31,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248665739101450243","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664842925375500,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539872000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:12","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"That’s not how we pay for the security of having a fire department that insures us against fire and it’s not how we should be paying for a healthcare system that makes us feel less scared about getting sick.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":14,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664842925375488","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664838605361200,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539871000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:11","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If America paid for fire protection the way that it does for healthcare, then the fire department that makes everyone in a town feel more secure would pay its bills by charging a high copay to anyone whose house was burning... and if you couldn’t pay, they would let it burn.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":11,"likes_count":27,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664838605361160","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664837464428500,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539870000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:10","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So if we want innovation (yes! now more than ever), then let’s not pretend that it’s free, but let’s not burden just the vulnerable amongst us who need care today to pay the mortgage for products that serve us all. Insurance paid for by all should make care free to patients.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":10,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664837464428552","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664836390752300,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539870000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:10","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...the companies that manufacturered that vaccine had patents and only made the vaccine because they weren’t asked to lose money doing so. People need paying jobs and that’s only possible when society pays for their products.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":8,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664836390752258","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664835174420500,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539870000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:10","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So if not for the revenues it generates from insurance plans paying for drugs, there would be no industry, no innovation. People like to think the polio vaccine was a shining example of altruism, but it followed the rules of economics too and...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664835174420480","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664834029256700,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539870000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:10","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...pays more (in premiums and taxes). That’s how it should be. The drug industry doesn’t systematically price gouge (yes, some cases). It’s profit margins are 10-15% when you look at all companies (not just the most profitable large one- most companies have no profits!).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":3,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664834029256708","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664832636866600,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539869000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:09","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If you are wondering how the industry will afford subsidizing all these costs, the answer is simple. To balance its own budgets, whenever any portion of the global market pays less (whether Europe or uninsured Americans), the rest of the market...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664832636866561","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664823250006000,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539867000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:07","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Some will say “this should have come sooner”. Yes! It should have. And it should apply to all drugs. And all drug companies should do this. Covid is prompting needed reforms that will hopefully last forever.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":5,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664823250006017","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664822146875400,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539867000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:07","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Note on Lilly plan: I don’t see any loopholes to the Lilly assistance program. It looks comprehensive. They have annual $7500 threshold on what Lilly pays per person to detect fraud (eg pharmacy charging too much, for multiple prescription), but if you hit that cap, just call.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":3,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664822146875394","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664821056274400,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539867000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:07","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Congress must ensure that drug companies and our insurance system serve patients by setting clear rules. All drugs must go generic when it’s their time (see McSally bill) and all Americans must have proper insurance w/o excessive out of pocket costs.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":3,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664821056274434","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664820062224400,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539866000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:06","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"These mortgage payments for branded drugs all add up to just 1.3% of our economy and support 5m jobs in biomedical innovation. We can afford it, but only collectively via insurance/taxes, not making few patients pay out of pocket.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664820062224385","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664819055632400,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539866000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:06","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...for longer than needed to incentivize their development. They are a good example of drugs that should have been contractually genericized by now. But Lilly & other companies have many newer drugs that merit having society make mortgage payments for them until they go generic.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":2,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664819055632387","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664818070040600,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539866000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:06","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Drugs are unique in all of healthcare in that they go generic & become inexpensive. Hospitals & surgeries never go generic... they are eternal rent. Lilly’s modern insulin analogs are indeed due to go generic (biosimilar) but have remained expensive...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":3,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664818070040576","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664815901511700,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539865000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:05","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...because they go generic. Drugs going generic is the price control we’ve long had and what we need to continue to enforce. Some drugs don’t go generic on-time (due to patent gaming) or at all (due to their complexity, eg gene therapy).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":3,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664815901511681","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664812026048500,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539864000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:04","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...& we need to invest in more drugs (& help people stay healthy in other ways) to prevent hospitalizations. Price controls on new drugs would discourage investment in innovation to make more new drugs, & besides drugs already have price controls that make them cost effective...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":5,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664812026048512","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664810960584700,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539864000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:04","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Nothing about healthcare is affordable without health insurance that actually makes appropriate care affordable (with low or no out of pocket costs).  As for society getting value, we need competition (not consolidation) among healthcare providers to keep services costs down...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664810960584704","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664809790492700,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539864000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:04","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...and continue to offer generous assistance programs to those with Swiss cheese private insurance plan that don’t make drugs affordable. As for hospital costs, US Gov recently promised to paying medical costs of all uninsured during covid; that should be extended beyond covid.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664809790492672","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664808846737400,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539864000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:04","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Until we have insurance reforms that extend coverage to all Americans (doesn’t have to be Medicare for all... though Medicare would be better than nothing for those who have nothing), all of the drug industry should make their drugs available for free or cheap to the uninsured...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664808846737408","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664806816694300,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539863000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:03","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"At least during the covid crisis, Congress should lift the ban on drug companies offering Medicare patients help with their out of pocket costs directly and simply, as this Lilly plan now does for younger people with diabetes.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":5,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664806816694273","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664805881364500,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539863000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:03","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Too bad America’s government blocks anyone on Medicare from benefiting from such patient assistance programs. Drug companies still help them by donating to non-profits who help patients, & then companies get vilified for circumventing gov efforts to make care unaffordable.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":6,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664805881364482","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664804614721500,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539863000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:03","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...this feature of the Lilly plan by imposing a copay accumulator, which would only reveal the heartless, vindictive nature of some insurance plans in trying to deter patients from getting the care they need by making them suffer higher out of pocket costs than many can afford.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664804614721538","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248664803410919400,"conversation_id":"1248664796305784832","created_at":1586539862000,"date":"2020-04-10","time":"17:31:02","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...deductible as if the patient had paid full list price. So this plan makes other diabetes products (or anything) more affordable for patients by helping them get past their deductible to the copay phase of insurance. It’s still possible that an insurance plan will combat...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":5,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248664803410919426","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1248277360044134400,"conversation_id":"1248237976896880641","created_at":1586447489000,"date":"2020-04-09","time":"15:51:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Skin contact is risk. Breathing right in each other’s faces is risk. Respect personal space. If you want to kiss someone, hug someone... benefit should outweigh risk. Start by giving up handshakes and kisses and hugs with strangers and take it from there.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":13,"retweets_count":15,"likes_count":85,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1248277360044134400","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247641671552172000,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295929000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:45:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"This isn't the kind of research I thought we would be doing today, but it was somewhat interesting. In our search for new, often complex drugs, we sometime don't explore fully the simple solutions. Glad to see some researchers out there have. Probably merits one more study.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":6,"retweets_count":3,"likes_count":73,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247641671552172033","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638692740694000,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295219000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:39","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"And finally, safe gargling (even if it did have some benefits) isn’t a substitute for everything else you need to do to stay healthy during this pandemic. It’s just an add-on to social distancing, hand washing, and, if you have to go out, masks.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":5,"retweets_count":8,"likes_count":92,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638692740694020","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638572565479400,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295190000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:10","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If you choose to gargle, here are some safe solutions: tap water, salt water (1/4-1/2 tsp salt in 8oz of water); 1% hydrogen peroxide (1 part 3% hydrogen peroxide, 2 parts water); 1% betadine (povidone-iodine). Note: never swallow a gargling solution.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":8,"retweets_count":15,"likes_count":97,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638572565479425","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638571303030800,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295190000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:10","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Nevertheless, given the low cost & risk of harm from gargling with water, salt water, mouthwash, dilute hydrogen peroxide (1%), or (if one really must) even dilute betadine (1%), do it if it makes you feel better.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":10,"likes_count":69,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638571303030789","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638569990013000,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295189000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:09","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So bottom line is there’s reason to think that one could inactivate or wash away viruses from the surface of one’s throat before the viruses could infect the cells, but whenever we’ve looked for evidence that this actually works, the evidence is, at best, weak.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":11,"likes_count":68,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638569990012929","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638567846903800,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295189000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:09","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Viruses are like MacGyver (American reference)… using what they find to survive and thrive. In any case, the dust mite hypothesis is just a wild guess. What matters are clinical data, and those don’t speak to whether dust mites are relevant.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":6,"likes_count":56,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638567846903810","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638566655664000,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295188000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:08","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"To be clear, dust mites do not make enzymes in order to activate viruses. They make enzymes that do things for themselves and that happen to resemble enzymes that our own cells make that viruses evolved to hijack for their own schemes.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":59,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638566655664130","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638563866509300,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295188000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:08","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"But there are no compelling clinical data that these work, and even if you believe the Japanese study showed water works, then there’s no evidence that other gargling solutions (dilute hydrogen peroxide, mouthwash, etc) are better than water.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":9,"likes_count":55,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638563866509317","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638562524270600,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295187000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:07","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"But we already know that didn’t turn out so well in a clinical study. Hydrogen peroxide and ordinary mouthwash (e.g. listerine) has been shown to inactivate coronaviruses & flu because it’s actually easy to disrupt their greasy outer coats (lipid membranes).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":5,"retweets_count":11,"likes_count":76,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638562524270593","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638561299599400,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295187000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:07","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"You need a control group of people and few studies bothered to include one. That’s not great science. Besides clinical studies, there are lab experiment. Eg, a German study showed Betadine (povidone-iodine) inactivated SARS & MERS in a test tube.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":49,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638561299599366","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638560057983000,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295187000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:07","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…might just be due to testing gargling in people who don’t have kids and so don’t deal with them bringing infections home from school, or maybe that year there were fewer colds or strep going around.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":47,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638560057982981","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638559080747000,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295187000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:07","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...our chances of catching an infection vary from season to season, by different age groups, and by region (more in cities since more crowding). So what seems like a lower rate of infection in an uncontrolled study compared to what you see on average…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":57,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638559080747010","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638556849381400,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295186000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:06","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Some studies just have people gargle without comparing what happens to them to people who don’t gargle. This is called an “uncontrolled” trial. And you can’t really interpret the results of such trials, because...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":8,"likes_count":65,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638556849381379","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638555851137000,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295186000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:06","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"We couldn’t find more controlled studies comparing gargling to no gargling to prevent upper respiratory tract infections. Maybe there are some out there, in which case please send them to me.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":55,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638555851137025","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638553493979100,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295185000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:05","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"But before we concluded that gargling with water worked, we looked for another trial to confirm that result. The only other controlled trial we found was large Canadian one (600 people) that saw no effect of gargling with water.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":9,"likes_count":73,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638553493979137","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638552449618000,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295185000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:05","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"But the researchers point out that Betadine also can damage cells, so maybe that counteracts the benefits of water, possibly making it easier for virus to infect. That’s just speculation. But gargling with Betadine certainly doesn’t look better than water.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":12,"likes_count":74,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638552449617921","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638551036125200,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295185000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:05","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"You might think, “great, so water works!”. Maybe, but we’ll get to that. Note that Betadine didn’t work, though it’s mostly water and the chemicals in it have been shown to inactivate virus, so you would think it should have been better.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":8,"likes_count":68,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638551036125184","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638548632699000,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295184000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:04","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...alongside hand-washing and mask-wearing. But is this based on data from proper clinical trials that compare infections for people who gargled vs didn’t? A Japanese group ran a trial in 387 volunteer & found gargling water 3-4 times a day…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":12,"likes_count":85,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638548632698882","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638547361927200,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295184000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:04","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So does gargling work? Some people definitely think so. Japan widely believes gargling water multiple times a day can prevent upper respiratory tract infections & it is included as basic preventive measure for respiratory infection such as COVID-19…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":17,"likes_count":120,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638547361927169","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638545998712800,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295184000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:04","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Once they get in, which they can do quickly, hard to see what gargling could do. That means that if gargling were to work, you would have to do it frequently (probably more so when around others, which ordinarily is often but these days hopefully less so).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":12,"likes_count":85,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638545998712832","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638544773984300,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295183000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:03","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…(though some do sneak inside cells, like viruses). But viruses must get into cells to hijack their machinery to make copies of themselves. So, theory is gargling might wash away or kill viruses on outside of your throat cells in hopes of keeping them from infecting cells.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":14,"likes_count":117,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638544773984256","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638543549202400,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295183000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:03","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…to kill viruses, because viruses get inside of your cells. It would be like spraying high pressure water to remove a sticker on your arm vs a tattoo. You can remove a tattoo that way, but only by removing your skin. Most bacteria are like stickers that stay outside of cells…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":16,"likes_count":196,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638543549202432","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247638542232236000,"conversation_id":"1247638540734869504","created_at":1586295183000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"21:33:03","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…results are mixed. Bottom line: it probably doesn’t work, but if it does, then water is enough, and it won’t hurt to try it IF YOU DON’T GARGLE WITH POISON. It’s important to know that gargling to kill & wash away bacteria isn’t the same as trying…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":5,"retweets_count":18,"likes_count":167,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247638542232236032","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247600437546619000,"conversation_id":"1247575837882241024","created_at":1586286098000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"19:01:38","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"thanks for flagging. just retweeted.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":0,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":0,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247600437546618881","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247403458661101600,"conversation_id":"1247403448666148864","created_at":1586239134000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"05:58:54","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"And I know some will say that it’s America that subsidizes innovation for the rest of the world. That’s true too. But do give the article a read and see if looking at it the other way doesn’t cause you to appreciate why the US should stop thinking it can pay what the UK pays.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":9,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247403458661101570","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247403457868431400,"conversation_id":"1247403448666148864","created_at":1586239134000,"date":"2020-04-07","time":"05:58:54","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"I picked this article because I thought it might be of interest to those of you up at this hour in Europe & Asia.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":11,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247403457868431360","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247015448723554300,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586146626000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"04:17:06","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"And coincidentally, for this book, I researched and wrote about the most widely prescribed generic drug in America called lisinopril... it inhibits ACE1 (related but not same as ACE2) to control blood pressure. It’s just one story among many.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":170,"retweets_count":241,"likes_count":2318,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247015448723554311","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247003423641342000,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586143759000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"03:29:19","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Besides spike protein, coronaviruses have many other parts that engage with our machinery. Let’s say SARS2 climbs stairs better & throat cells are a duplex (has stairs). So SARS1 gets tripped up in throat cells & prefers single-story lung cells.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":24,"retweets_count":282,"likes_count":2387,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247003423641341953","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1247003419707138000,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586143758000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"03:29:18","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Some have asked, why would SARS1 and 2 infect throat & lung cells differently if they both use ACE2. Great question. There’s a lot more to viruses than which doorknobs they turn.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":14,"retweets_count":298,"likes_count":2545,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1247003419707138050","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975292549324800,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137052000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:32","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Some will say \"what about antibody-directed enhancement\". That's a known risk that can be detected in early animal & human studies. With all the vaccine programs out there, we'll have a good one (or several) that protects us from this pandemic and from future waves of SARS-Cov-2.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":44,"retweets_count":340,"likes_count":2808,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975292549324801","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975291538407400,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137051000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…prompt our immune system to produce high levels of such “neutralizing” antibodies that can inactive SARS-2, we’ll have a head start on the virus. Should any virus enter our bodies, those antibodies will help shut it down before it causes harm & keep it from spreading to others.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":21,"retweets_count":388,"likes_count":3181,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975291538407424","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975290481545200,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137051000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"…that could actually infect cells. This isn’t a surprising result. It confirms what we already know about how we have survived viruses like this since humans first evolved. Our immune systems fight them off with antibodies. So when we have vaccines that…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":11,"retweets_count":404,"likes_count":3185,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975290481545218","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975289210613800,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137051000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Another reassuring insight is that, as these patients’ immune systems revved up and produced antibodies, they stopped producing viable viruses. The researchers could still detect bits of the virus, but they couldn’t find evidence that, among those bits, there was any virus…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":13,"retweets_count":502,"likes_count":3595,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975289210613760","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975287042113500,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137050000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"What’s the take-away for all of us? It’s that beating this virus means social distancing & wearing masks even if we think we aren’t infected. Because we might be. The virus might be replicating in our throats without us knowing (that’s its evil plan!), so put up a roadblock.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":55,"retweets_count":2194,"likes_count":7652,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975287042113538","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1246975285792329700,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1586137050000,"date":"2020-04-06","time":"01:37:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So SARS-1 was a comparatively dumb virus. It went straight for the lungs, announced itself before it could spread to others, and so got social distanced into extinction. But SAR-2, the one plaguing us now, is stealthier, spreading first before revealing itself (and causing harm).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":39,"retweets_count":1354,"likes_count":5446,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1246975285792329730","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
