{"id":1257864474150789000,"conversation_id":"1257864443310080002","created_at":1588733235000,"date":"2020-05-06","time":"02:47:15","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"We’re talking positive for SARS2 antibodies, which means you were infected, not that you are.  That might make you believe you are immune, but we can’t yet be certain of that. On the one hand, you could only be 83% sure you even have antibodies. On other hand, even if you do...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":28,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257864474150789123","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257864472405905400,"conversation_id":"1257864443310080002","created_at":1588733234000,"date":"2020-05-06","time":"02:47:14","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"The test’s false positive rate is most likely between 0.1-0.35%. So worst case, it will tell 23-24 people out of the 1000 that they’re positive & 19-20 of them actually would be. That’s means that if the test told you that you were positive, you would be 83% sure that you were.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":37,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257864472405905408","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257864470463987700,"conversation_id":"1257864443310080002","created_at":1588733234000,"date":"2020-05-06","time":"02:47:14","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...this test would probably detect all 20 of them (maybe 19 to be conservative). It would also incorrectly tell 2 but maybe as many as 4 other people that they are positive for antibodies. That’s what 99.8% specificity with a confidence interval of 99.65-99.91% means.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":38,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257864470463987715","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257864468517830700,"conversation_id":"1257864443310080002","created_at":1588733233000,"date":"2020-05-06","time":"02:47:13","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So you go to a clinic and get your blood draw. Roche’s instruments are  high throughout (300/hour), so your results could come back quickly. Out of 1000 people tested in your region, of whom 20 are positive (and you want to know if you’re one of them)...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":28,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257864468517830661","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257864466521305000,"conversation_id":"1257864443310080002","created_at":1588733233000,"date":"2020-05-06","time":"02:47:13","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Here’s what it means for you that Roche is launching such an accurate and well characterized antibody (serology) test. Let’s say that in your region 2% of people have been infected.  You wonder whether you have been. You remember feeling off a few weeks back.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":41,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257864466521305089","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257864464512290800,"conversation_id":"1257864443310080002","created_at":1588733232000,"date":"2020-05-06","time":"02:47:12","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...but b/c Roche validated on over 5000 samples, they know specificity to within 0.2%. That matters!!! Had Stanford used this test (and could maybe still re-analyze their samples), it would have been able to reach valid conclusions about SARS2 lethality.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":64,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257864464512290823","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775647440679000,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712057000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:17","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"For more explanations and Q&A, see my pinned tweet. In the meantime, don’t let the Los Alamos paper or media’s interpretation of it scare you.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":8,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":66,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775647440678912","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775644005539800,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712056000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:16","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"This recombination trick is not like what flu does. Flu easily swaps pages of its code b/c it has 8 separate pages of code and can re-assort them with other flu strains. Recombination is more like two similar pages of code being torn in half and exchanged. Harder to pull off.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":38,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775644005539842","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775642315296800,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712056000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:16","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...learn new tricks in hospitals. So it’s going to be important that hospitals are equipped with as many treatments and countermeasures as possible to really shut down infections of all strains, stopping them before they learn each other’s tricks.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":37,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775642315296770","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775640591376400,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712055000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:15","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...this could happen if someone comes into the hospital with a SARS2 infection and catches another strain in the hospital. Hospitals are likely to be breading grounds where different strains share their mutations. That’s what happens with bacteria, which often....","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":8,"likes_count":36,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775640591376384","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775639043678200,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712055000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:15","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"On another note, Los Alamos folks did mention that they detected evidence of viral recombination, in which two viruses swap bits of code, mixing and matching their features like two slight different Mr Potato Heads swapping parts. If I had to guess, as they do, then...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":33,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775639043678208","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775637298847700,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712054000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:14","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...a real problem and guide antibody  and vaccine companies to pivot to that strain. In the meantime, we’re also working on drugs that gum up other viral machinery (like remdesivir does). So the odds of this virus escaping all our countermeasures will be very small.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":3,"likes_count":40,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775637298847745","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775635788955600,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712054000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:14","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So it won’t be just one mutation that lets SARS2 escape our counter-measures. It will have to be many together in one virus. Good to have Los Alamos and others monitoring for that risk. As long as they continue to watch and sequence virus from all over the world, they can spot...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":40,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775635788955648","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775634190946300,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712054000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:14","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...anticipate & prevent the emergence of viral resistance mutations. And vaccines & infections train our immune systems to generate a wide range of antibodies against many parts of Spike protein (or even other parts of the virus), a so-called “polyclonal” antibody response.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":31,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775634190946306","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775632680919000,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712053000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:13","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"As extra precaution, Regeneron is developing an antibody cocktail, ensuring that if a virus changes part of Spike that one antibody binds to, odds are another antibody will still bind to virus & neutralize it. That’s the same idea as HIV drug cocktails (combinations) that...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":44,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775632680919040","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775631133216800,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712053000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:13","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"We can do that, but we’re nowhere near that point.  So, so far, the mutations Los Alamos has seen are not problematic. The vaccines are still relevant and the monoclonal antibodies that some companies are making will still bind to the strains we’ve seen.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":6,"likes_count":48,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775631133216773","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775629614882800,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712053000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:13","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...to the antibodies we trained to recognized the hand of the original SARS2 strain (eg if the virus changes the hand to a claw). When that happens, we’ll need to switch up our vaccines, just as we do for flu each season, to reflect what the new changed virus looks like.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":3,"likes_count":37,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775629614882816","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775628117565400,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712052000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:12","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...by biotech companies can all still bind to that hand to stop the virus from grabbing the doorknob. What would be a problem is if the virus mutates the hand part of its Spike protein (known as the receptor binding domain- RBD) to such an extent that it became unrecognizable...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":3,"likes_count":47,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775628117565441","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775626532110300,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712052000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:12","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So think of this mutation as making the virus’s arm stronger and more effective at turning the doorknob to break into houses (cells) where it can replicate itself. But all the antibodies that a vaccine generates as well as the antibodies that are being produced...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":43,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775626532110337","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775624883560400,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712051000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:11","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...our immune system to recognize this mutatation, do still teach the immune system to recognize the rest of Spike protein, including the most critical part of it that binds like a hand to the ACE2 doorknob on our cells to enter (infect) them.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":47,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775624883560449","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775623285678000,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712051000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:11","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"This mutation makes the virus more infectious and it may be that we’ll need to treat people with more of a particular antibody to stop it, but the antibodies will still be able to bind to this strain. And the vaccines we are developing now, while they don’t teach...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":8,"likes_count":50,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775623285678083","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257775621733785600,"conversation_id":"1257775615610179584","created_at":1588712051000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"20:54:11","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...change (mutate) the parts of its outer shell (its Spike protein) that antibodies stick to to protect us from infection. In the case of this paper, which sounds scary, the mutation they talk about (at the 614th amino acid in the Spike protein) won’t interfere with antibodies.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":9,"likes_count":67,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257775621733785608","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257503004770611200,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647054000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:54","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"That innovation can be affordable if we pay for it collectively, from taxes & premiums, w/o burdening the few among us who need care today with high out of pocket costs. Drug development is 1.3% of our GDP, a small yet vital part of our economy. Let’s celebrate it.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":5,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257503004770611201","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257503003810181000,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647054000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:54","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So let’s recognize that this ingenuity and productivity should be nurtured, not scapegoated for the sins of insurance. Biotech will save us from covid & so much other suffering. We nurture it with incentives & funding, same as what’s now proposed to stimulate covid vaccines.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":7,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257503003810181121","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257503002862256000,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647053000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:53","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"You can’t accuse an industry of price gouging when its profits margin is so modest, lower than software & dozen other industries (don’t just look at most successful companies- look at whole portfolio, including those spending cash every year on R&D with no revenues).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":5,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257503002862256129","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257503001905954800,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647053000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:53","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"And despite so much talk of price gouging, it’s uncommon. You can see it in industry’s modest profit margins, in low teens. A 20-30% price cut would not make most branded drugs affordable to an uninsured patient but would render the industry a non-profit (w/ no executive pay).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":5,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257503001905954821","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257503000865714200,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647053000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:53","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Hopefully some for covid, and many others for cancer, Alzheimer’s, breast cancer, and other diseases. And then those will go generic and the industry will keep working to invent invent invent. All those scientists solving problems, upgrading health. Heroes!","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257503000865714176","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502999720743000,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647053000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:53","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"America spends $271B on branded drugs per year. But if we’re still spending $271B in 15 years, it’s because all current branded drugs have gone generic and we’ve invented a whole new set. At 30-40 new drugs approved each year, that’s around 500 new drugs we’ll have in 15 years.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":5,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502999720742912","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502998693138400,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647052000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:52","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Our generic armamentarium is a permanent, inexpensive upgrade to human health. Those are drugs paid off by our parents (who paid their branded prices via insurance) & now branded drugs we pay for will be generics someday. Investing for ourselves, kids, & grandkids.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502998693138432","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502997761982500,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647052000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:52","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"As the world can see in the rapid covid response, the biotechnology industry is amazing. America especially is really good at biomedical innovation. We can solve so many healthcare problems with new medicines that will all someday be generics.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":5,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502997761982470","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502996759556000,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647052000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:52","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Once a drug goes generic, they are a public good forever. A few types of drugs don’t go generic and those indeed aren’t a bargain, but we can fix that with a targeted reform called “contractual genericization”. The McSally bill in Congress proposes it. Good idea.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":3,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502996759556096","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502995773784000,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647052000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:52","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...will overpay for drugs, answer is an emphatic NO. Drugs have their own price control built in- they go generic. In fact, drugs are only thing in healthcare that go generic. Hospitals, surgery- those don’t. They are rent, forever. Branded drug costs are finite mortgages.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":3,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502995773784065","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502994758873000,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647051000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:51","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Someday we’ll have comprehensive insurance reform that just allows patients to get what they need. Then the cost of drugs will be borne by all of society, without too much falling on just the sick among us. For those wondering if that means America as a whole....","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":3,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502994758873089","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502992871415800,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647051000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:51","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"prosecutors call that a “kickback”. Yet we’re taking about cancer patients getting a drug, not money in their pocket. So drug companies donate funds to non-profits that circumvent Medicare’s heartless rules against helping patients.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502992871415808","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502991927689200,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647051000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:51","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...from drug companies. Some rock-hearted policy makers decided that a patient was more likely to fake needing a cancer drug if the drug company that made it helped them afford it. So if a company tries to help them with copays that Medicare saddles patients with...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":3,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502991927689223","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502990698717200,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647050000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:50","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"We need universal insurance. Not same as Medicare for all, but could start with “Medicare for those who have nothing better”. There are millions of older Americans that Medicare sticks with high out of pocket costs & cruelly blocks from even receiving help with their copays...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502990698717186","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502989490827300,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647050000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:50","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"But we don’t (anymore) pay for fire protection w/ copays & deductibles. We pay for it collectively. Anyone who needs assistance gets it. Well cancer & MS are fires. We recognize COVID is a fire and are appalled at indecency of insurance not covering covid care. Same for diabetes.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502989490827264","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502988282847200,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647050000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:50","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Not all patients have insurance and that too must be fixed. Nothing about American healthcare is affordable without insurance. If we charged people whose houses are on fire full price for fire department to show up, that wouldn’t be affordable either. Homes would just burn down.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":4,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502988282847236","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502985879523300,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647049000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:49","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If your doctor prescribes a medicine for you, insurance is supposed to make it affordable to you. If it fails to, then it’s not insurance. It’s a con. And Congress must pass reforms like it did to stop descrimination based on pre-existing conditions.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":9,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502985879523328","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502979571286000,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647048000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:48","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Insurance plans aren’t discouraging over-utilization of drugs. They are discouraging APPROPRIATE UTILIZATION! Is that even insurance? Why don’t they just say “pay us our premiums but we won’t make treatments affordable to you.” Because that’s what they have done to many patients.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":9,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502979571286020","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502975997739000,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647047000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:47","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...increasingly been cutting back on their coverage by raising out of pocket costs is a source of considerable suffering. Consider:  insurance will confirm a drug is appropriate but still demand some patients pay more than they can afford? What are they nudging patients towards?","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":6,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502975997739008","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257502974957494300,"conversation_id":"1257502968124977153","created_at":1588647047000,"date":"2020-05-05","time":"02:50:47","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Here’s some context. It’s not ok with anyone in the drug development industry that there are patients who can’t afford their medicines. The scientists and others who created these drugs intended for them to be made available by insurance. That insurance companies have...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":5,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257502974957494272","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257433423507005400,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588630464000,"date":"2020-05-04","time":"22:14:24","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"I think many would find that definition too narrow. Maybe run your thoughts by the gatekeepers of the \"protein\" wikipedia page. They are quite practical.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":0,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257433423507005447","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257428713614033000,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588629341000,"date":"2020-05-04","time":"21:55:41","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"ok... I'll bite. what definition would you propose for the public.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":0,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257428713614032898","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257168744213774300,"conversation_id":"1246975275021348865","created_at":1588567360000,"date":"2020-05-04","time":"04:42:40","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"In retrospect, the best thing about this thread is that it made some kids want to become scientists. Cool- we’ll need them. There’s still so much left to discover.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":8,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":134,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257168744213774336","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257127681713471500,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588557570000,"date":"2020-05-04","time":"01:59:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Oh, & I can’t believe I forgot this one. We’ve converted herpes virus into an oncolytic virus, meaning we inject it into tumor where it infects tumor cells, makes immune stimulating proteins, & draws immune system in to destroy the cancer. Thank you, herpes (ok, that sounds odd).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":17,"retweets_count":26,"likes_count":253,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257127681713471488","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257068693282001000,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543506000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:05:06","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"It’s not going too far to say that life would not have evolved as it did & we wouldn’t be here if not for viruses. They may seem to be our enemies, but they helped to “create” us and now we are harnessing them to become instruments & medicines. Maybe think of them as frenemies.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":12,"retweets_count":27,"likes_count":216,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257068693282000901","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257068689377169400,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543505000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:05:05","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"It’s almost as if we discovered that Microsoft Windows was the product of millions of viruses infecting computers around the world for hundreds of years. (Feel free to make jokes)","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":18,"likes_count":186,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257068689377169414","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257068687569404000,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543504000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:05:04","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"11) And finally, I’ll leave you with this nugget. The human genome is the product of hundreds of millions of years of viruses infecting animals and leaving behind scraps of code that evolution refined into all kinds of different genes.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":10,"retweets_count":29,"likes_count":246,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257068687569403906","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257068683802878000,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543504000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:05:04","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"That wouldn’t be the first time I would discover that people who should know better sometimes intentionally misrepresent science to manipulate the public.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":124,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257068683802877958","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257068681680564200,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543503000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:05:03","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...who could have made that script more accurate. So I tracked down a Hollywood science advisor (who consulted on Star Trek shows). He explained that actually Hollywood had plenty of scientific advice but just didn’t care.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":140,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257068681680564224","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257068679713435600,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543503000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:05:03","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"But no, Hollywood had to resort to an antivirus, which is what we call a type of software for stopping computer viruses. Gratuitously inaccurate. My friends and I thought that maybe Hollywood didn’t know any actual virologists...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":6,"likes_count":126,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257068679713435648","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257068676773302300,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543502000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:05:02","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"I thought it was lame that Hollywood had to dumb things down like that. You can stop a virus w/ an “antiviral” drug or an “antibody”. You can even use a viral vector to deliver the code for an antiviral antibody (how cool do all those terms sound used together!?).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":103,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257068676773302280","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067681938911200,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543265000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:05","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"They still make the robot copies as instructed, but so slowly that it prevents this kind of attenuated virus from doing much harm. In the meantime, the immune system studies it in preparation for someday encountering the fast-replicating, real bad guy.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":128,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067681938911240","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067680374366200,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543264000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:04","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Think of it this like the difference between evil robots that infect cells w/ easy to understand instructions for making more robots vs instructions written in legalese or Shakespearean English so that cell’s factory workers are left scratching their heads as to what it means.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":126,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067680374366212","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067678784725000,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543264000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:04","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...recode the virus so that the instructions actually still tells the cell exactly how to make the same virus but to make the code so complex that it takes the cells a long time to read it. Like rewording “Cut this” to “Render this whole to bring about its separation into parts”.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":6,"likes_count":132,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067678784724992","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067677258002400,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543264000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:04","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...which gives immune system a chance to see virus in action, which can be better than just seeing a picture of the virus. Attenuated vaccines are typically safe but can cause disease in some people w/ weakened immune system. A novel way of creating an attenuated vaccine is to...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":116,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067677258002433","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067675651539000,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543263000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:03","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"9. One particularly cool approach to turning a virus into a vaccine is to weaken it (ie attenuating it) instead of killing it. That’s historically been done by removing or breaking parts of its code, and then deliberately infecting people (still considered vaccination)...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":8,"likes_count":128,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067675651538944","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067674095534000,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543263000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:03","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...after we’re injected, they harmlessly train our immune system to recognize those flu strains in the future. Like showing our immune police cells a picture of what the bad guy looks like.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":128,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067674095534083","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067672531058700,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543262000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:02","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"8. And of course, viruses that threaten us can be turned into harmless vaccines against themselves. I’ve explained before how vaccines work (see pinned tweet). Eg. Flu vaccines are made by growing up flu viruses in chicken eggs and then inactivating those viruses so...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":122,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067672531058691","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067671008555000,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543262000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:02","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...if vaccinated people (or animals) have antibodies that block this frankenvirus from infecting cells. If yes, vaccine is said to elicit a neutralizing antibody response (which is good) against SARS2. Don’t worry, if this lab creation escaped, it wouldn’t be able to replicate.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":133,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067671008555008","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067669477634000,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543262000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:02","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"7. We use viruses in many other ways in laboratories. For example, we’ve got lab tests called pseudotyped virus neutralizing assays in which a defective HIV has been modified to use SARS2 Spike protein (instead of its own gp120 protein) to infect cells like SARS2 would to see...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":124,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067669477634049","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067666227036200,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543261000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:01","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Phage not only don’t infect human cells, but a specific phage won’t infect a different bacteria than it evolved to infect. So a phage-based antibiotic treatment wouldn’t kill off our good bacteria (as chemical antibiotics do to varying degrees). This phage work is still ongoing.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":10,"likes_count":180,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067666227036163","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067664704446500,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543261000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:01","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"6. For many decades, we’ve also been trying to turn phage into antibiotics. It’s kind of like using cats to get ride of mice except in this case we hope to fight off an infection caused by a bacteria by injecting phage specially selected to assassinate that bacterial species.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":5,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":145,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067664704446465","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067663190306800,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543260000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:00","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"... that sticks to the target protein so well that we can turn the peptide into a drug (either as a peptide or integrated into an antibody). There are a number of drugs on the market that were discovered using such phage-display libraries. Thanks phage.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":5,"likes_count":150,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067663190306817","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067661688742000,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543260000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:00","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"We see which phage sticks to a protein and then grow up more of those phage in bacteria. We do several rounds of that kind of binding & replication, basically evolving a drug through natural selection, until we find the code for the peptide (which means “short protein”)...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":7,"likes_count":133,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067661688741888","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067660111753200,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543260000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:01:00","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"5) There are also viruses called phage that infect only bacteria. We have turned them into really cool tools for creating drugs. These phage act like a diverse set of self-replicating barcodes that encode one peptide drug candidate each.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":10,"likes_count":172,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067660111753223","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067658631053300,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543259000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:00:59","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Some companies are trying to use AAV to deliver genes encoding proteins that would prevent people from losing their eyesight due to aging. One such viral gene therapy is approved for a rare genetic form of blindness. Thanks AAV.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":4,"retweets_count":9,"likes_count":169,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067658631053321","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067657137971200,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543259000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:00:59","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...to gut the entire AAV genome & use its shell to deliver a useful gene into certain cells that AAV infects well (eg liver, retina, & spine. Novartis makes a gene therapy for a rare disease called Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) that uses AAV. It’s transformative for kids.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":12,"likes_count":200,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067657137971200","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067655472787500,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543258000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:00:58","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"4) There’s a virus called Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) that doesn’t encode enough instructions to replicate in cells unless that cell is also infected with Adenovirus (AAV steals some of adeno’s proteins). Bit of a moocher. We’ve figured out how...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":12,"likes_count":152,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067655472787456","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067653874811000,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543258000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:00:58","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"3) JNJ & Oxford/AstraZeneca are developing vaccines against SARS2 using adenoviral vectors that deliver the gene for SARS2 Spike protein into our cells, where it’s produced and trains our immune systems to attack anything covered in that protein, namely SARS2! Thanks adenovirus.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":17,"likes_count":236,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067653874810885","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067652369039400,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543258000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:00:58","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...to induce growth of new blood vessels when old ones are clogged. Another is using this virus to make oral vaccines that would otherwise require injection (eg flu vaccine pill). When we use a virus to deliver code for making something in cells, we call that a virus vector.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":11,"likes_count":194,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067652369039360","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067650636710000,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543257000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:00:57","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"2) Adenoviruses typically cause mild infections, including common colds. These, too, we are trying to use for gene therapies, particularly when we just want to temporarily make a protein in cells. One company is developing such an adenovirus gene therapy for heart disease...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":12,"likes_count":202,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067650636709888","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067649021943800,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543257000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:00:57","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"We use that feature of HIV for gene therapy, eg replacing chunk of the virus’s genome w/ hemoglobin gene to insert it into bone marrow stem cells of patients w/ sickle cell anemia (who have malfunctioning hemoglobin genes). Similar therapies work for other diseases. Thanks HIV.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":22,"likes_count":270,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067649021943812","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067643921711000,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543256000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:00:56","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"1) HIV has killed millions of people, disabling a person’s immune system until it can’t defend them against common, normally mild pathogens. HIV’s special trick is to permanently integrate its genome into that of our own cells (don’t worry, SARS2 doesn’t).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":20,"likes_count":222,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067643921711114","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1257067638183919600,"conversation_id":"1257067638183919616","created_at":1588543254000,"date":"2020-05-03","time":"22:00:54","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"SARS2 is a scary menace, but did you know that we’ve domesticated viruses? Like wolves vs dogs, we’ve tamed them, including some deadly ones, to perform many useful functions (and may help us stop SARS2). I became a virologist to understand their uses. Here are 9 examples...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":61,"retweets_count":1249,"likes_count":3410,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1257067638183919616","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204859285651500,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337552000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:32","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"I hope insurance will someday make the Lyme vaccine available to all who need it (as they do with flu vaccine). Someday that vaccine will be generic & protect us inexpensively forever from this one threat. In the meantime, has anyone looked at the other horrors ticks carry!?!!","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":20,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204859285651458","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204858467782700,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337552000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:32","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"That relentless drive to innovate has functionally cured cancers, transformed HIV, cured Hepatitis C, and is clearly on display as the industry works on myriad fronts to tackle COVID. So thank you again Pfizer and Valneva for seeing the unmet need and investing in its solution.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":25,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204858467782658","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204857628938200,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337551000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"We in the biotech industry are builders and we are paid with a finite steam of mortgage payments (cost of branded drugs). When those payments end, society owns our inventions as an inexpensive public good forever and we have to hustle to invent something new and useful.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":21,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204857628938240","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204856743923700,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337551000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Some drugs don’t go generic, & in my writings I also call for a reform of@industry to ensure that all of its products become inexpensive generics when it’s their time (contractual genericization). Patent gaming is rent extraction & my industry shouldn’t be in the rent business.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":6,"likes_count":17,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204856743923712","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204855871508500,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337551000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...and not shifted to patients or, in case of Lyme vaccine, just people who happen to live where there are ticks. Disease can come for any of us anytime. Building up our armamentarium of medicines is a worthy goal. & drugs offer great value b/c they go generic, unlike hospitals.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":16,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204855871508480","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204854902485000,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337551000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Yet America’s insurance company functionally deny poorer people access to medicines that even they acknowledge these patients need. As I’ve written about in my book & on Medium, we must reform American insurance so cost of innovation is borne by everyone (from premiums/taxes)...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":24,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204854902484993","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204854076280800,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337551000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:31","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Think of it as insurance against catastrophe. Like all of us paying for a fire department. You don’t see the fire department charging a copay and letting your home burn if you can’t afford it (though they used to, now it’s illegal).","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":3,"likes_count":18,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204854076280833","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204853333889000,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337550000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"The more people get the vaccine, the less it need cost per person, & yet cost per person is not as important as value to America as a whole. Like vaccines for SARS2, a vaccine for Lyme disease is something America can easily afford from its collective budget.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":2,"retweets_count":3,"likes_count":21,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204853333889024","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204852264341500,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337550000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"This is a great example of the insidious nature of copays and insurance design in America. There should not be out of pocket costs to discourage people from taking medicines and vaccines they need.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":8,"likes_count":29,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204852264341504","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204851018698800,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337550000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:30","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"So if insurance companies charge high copays to discourage people from using it and fewer people take the vaccine, then the market shrinks and the costs have to be spread over even fewer people. If that means copays go up, then fewer people will get it.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":13,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204851018698752","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204849496064000,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337549000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...by a minority of the country. That means that the cost will be spread over fewer people each year than the cost of flu and measles vaccines. On a per person basis, that could make it one of the more expensive vaccines.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":15,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204849496064004","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204848711766000,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337549000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...who live in regions where there are ticks, which are carried & spread by wildlife like deer and mice (a deer can be sucked dry by ticks!). If you live in cities & don’t hike, you probably don’t worry about ticks. This will be an expensive vaccine to develop yet will be used...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":13,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204848711766016","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204847944282000,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337549000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...of repeated treatments with cocktails of antibiotics (not the kinds with umbrellas... the kinds with IV tubes) to possibly cure the infection. That’s why it’s critical that we have a vaccine. But here’s the thing, many Americans won’t need it. Lyme is a threat to those...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":17,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204847944282114","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204847159947300,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337549000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"It’s not easy to diagnose and the tests are imperfect (sounds familiar to anyone following covid)? But once it’s diagnosed, antibiotics don’t work as well. The bacteria is thought to be able to hide out in the body and resist antibiotics. It can take many years....","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":19,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204847159947265","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204846316818400,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337549000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:29","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"But if you don’t see that a tick on you (they can be tiny), don’t get the bullseye, or otherwise aren’t cured of borrelia infection, then something really terrible can go wrong with your body. It’s a horror show of pain and neurological problems. We call it Lyme Disease.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":4,"likes_count":28,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204846316818432","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204845549314000,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337548000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:28","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If the bullseye pattern shows up, then you will likely be prescribed 2-3 weeks of doxycycline, which is thought to have about an 80% chance of curing you of the infection.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":3,"likes_count":21,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204845549314050","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1256204844790153200,"conversation_id":"1256204826746204160","created_at":1588337548000,"date":"2020-05-01","time":"12:52:28","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"If you were to realize you were bitten by a tick, it’s believed that taking even one dose of doxycycline (a generic antibiotic) would dramatically reduce your chance of infection, so call your doctor fast. But like I said, you won’t always know.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":26,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1256204844790153216","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1253475722213101600,"conversation_id":"1252283886417174528","created_at":1587686875000,"date":"2020-04-24","time":"00:07:55","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Nonsense rumors","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":0,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":1,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1253475722213101571","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1252430443040800800,"conversation_id":"1251850557385572353","created_at":1587437661000,"date":"2020-04-21","time":"02:54:21","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"See pinned tweet","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":0,"retweets_count":0,"likes_count":1,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1252430443040800781","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1252290326439608300,"conversation_id":"1252283886417174528","created_at":1587404254000,"date":"2020-04-20","time":"17:37:34","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"That animal work is ongoing. Would reassure us that enhancement is possible but that vaccines we are taking into human trials aren't causing it. Also, actual human data will help. Those studies are also ongoing; I would expect first data from a large enough study in June/July.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":6,"retweets_count":6,"likes_count":60,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1252290326439608325","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1252290325428797400,"conversation_id":"1252283886417174528","created_at":1587404254000,"date":"2020-04-20","time":"17:37:34","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"By the way, for those who will rightfully ask what would make me feel even more comfortable that a vaccine won't cause enhancement, it would be seeing that labs can actually cause enhancement of SARS2 with some intentionally bad vaccine.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":3,"retweets_count":2,"likes_count":44,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1252290325428797442","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1252283907363528700,"conversation_id":"1252283886417174528","created_at":1587402724000,"date":"2020-04-20","time":"17:12:04","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Bottom line, as I’ve written before, vaccines are coming and they will work. I estimate that we should have vaccines available for healthcare and other front-line workers towards end of this year and for masses sometime in March/April 2021. Until then, stay safe.","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":11,"retweets_count":71,"likes_count":234,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1252283907363528715","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1252283905199218700,"conversation_id":"1252283886417174528","created_at":1587402723000,"date":"2020-04-20","time":"17:12:03","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"...all the companies working on vaccines are working with various laboratories around the world on these kinds of animal vaccination and infection models (called “challenge” studies b/c animals are “challenged” with virus). It’s good to know that, even if some show enhancement…","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":32,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1252283905199218688","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
{"id":1252283904129740800,"conversation_id":"1252283886417174528","created_at":1587402723000,"date":"2020-04-20","time":"17:12:03","timezone":"UTC","user_id":1130959251671834600,"username":"peterkolchinsky","name":"Peter Kolchinsky","place":"","tweet":"Admittedly, the vaccine that showed SARS1 enhancement was a somewhat more modern vaccine that should have made the right kind of antibodies & yet it still showed enhancement, so we need more animal data. Fortunately...","mentions":[],"urls":[],"photos":[],"replies_count":1,"retweets_count":1,"likes_count":26,"hashtags":[],"cashtags":[],"link":"https://twitter.com/PeterKolchinsky/status/1252283904129740800","retweet":false,"quote_url":"","video":0,"near":"","geo":"","source":"","user_rt_id":"","user_rt":"","retweet_id":"","reply_to":[{"user_id":"1130959251671834624","username":"PeterKolchinsky"}],"retweet_date":"","translate":"","trans_src":"","trans_dest":""}
