## NAME

patgen - generate patterns for TeX hyphenation

## SYNOPSIS

patgen dictionary_file pattern_file patout_file translate_file

## DESCRIPTION

This manual page is not meant to be exhaustive. See also the Info file or manual Web2C: A TeX implementation .

The patgen program reads the dictionary_file containing a list of hyphenated words and the pattern_file containing previously-generated patterns (if any) for a particular language (not a complete TeX source file; see below), and produces the patout_file with (previously- plus newly-generated) hyphenation patterns for that language. The translate_file defines language specific values for the parameters left_hyphen_min and right_hyphen_min used by *(TX's hyphenation algorithm and the external representation of the lower and upper case version(s) of all `letters' of that language. Further details of the pattern generation process such as hyphenation levels and pattern lengths are requested interactively from the user's terminal. Optionally patgen creates a new dictionary file pattmp. n showing the good and bad hyphens found by the generated patterns, where n is the highest hyphenation level.

The patterns generated by patgen can be read by initex for use in hyphenating words. For a real-life example of patgen 's output, see $TEXMFMAIN/tex/generic/hyphen/hyphen.tex , which contains the patterns *(TX uses for English by default. At some sites, patterns for (many) other languages may be available, and the local tex programs may have them preloaded.

All filenames must be complete; no adding of default extensions or path searching is done.

## FILE FORMATS

Letters When initex digests hyphenation patterns, *(TX first expands macros and the result must entirely consist of digits (hyphenation levels), dots (`.', edge of a word), and letters. In pattern files for non-English languages letters are often represented by macros or other expandable constructs. For the purpose of patgen these are just character sequences, subject to the condition that no such sequence is a prefix of another one.

Dictionary file A dictionary file contains a weighted list of hyphenated words, one word per line starting in column 1. A digit in column 1 indicates a global word weight (initially =1) applicable to all following words up to the next global word weight. A digit at some intercharacter position indicates a weight for that position only.

The hyphens in a word are indicated by `-', `*', or `.' (or their replacements as defined in the translate file) for hyphens yet to be found, `good' hyphens (correctly found by the patterns), and `bad' hyphens (erroneously found by the patterns) respectively; when reading a dictionary file `*' is treated like `-' and `.' is ignored.

Pattern file A pattern file contains only patterns in the format above, e.g., from a previous run of patgen. It may not contain any *(TX comments or control sequences. For instance, this is not a valid pattern file:

    % this is a pattern file read by TeX.
    \patterns{%
     .|.|.
    }

It can only contain the actual patterns, i.e., the `.|.|.'.

Translate file A translate file starts with a line containing the values of left_hyphen_min in columns 1-2, right_hyphen_min in columns 3-4, and either a blank or the replacement for one of the "hyphen" characters `-', `*', and `.' in columns 5, 6, and 7. (Input lines are padded with blanks as for many *(TX related programs.)

Each following line defines one `letter': an arbitrary delimiter character in column 1, followed by one or more external representations of that character (first the `lower' case one used for output), each one terminated by the delimiter and the whole sequence terminated by another delimiter.

If the translate file is empty, the values left_hyphen_min =2, right_hyphen_min =3, and the 26 lower case letters a .\|.\|. zwith their upper case representations A .\|.\|. Zare assumed.

Terminal input After reading the translate_file and any previously-generated patterns from pattern_file , patgen requests input from the user's terminal.

First the integer values of hyph_start and hyph_finish , the lowest and highest hyphenation level for which patterns are to be generated. The value of hyph_start should be larger than any hyphenation level already present in pattern_file .

Then, for each hyphenation level, the integer values of pat_start and pat_finish , the smallest and largest pattern length to be analyzed, as well as good weight , bad weight , and threshold , the weights for good and bad hyphens and a weight threshold for useful patterns.

Finally the decision (`y' or `Y' vs. anything else) whether or not to produce a hyphenated word list.

## FILES

$TEXMFMAIN/tex/generic/hyphen/hyphen.tex The original hyphenation patterns for English, by Donald Knuth and Frank Liang.

$TEXMFMAIN/tex/generic/hyphen/ushyphmax.tex Maximal hyphenation patterns for English, extended by Gerard Kuiken.

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/language/ Patterns and support for many other languages

## SEE ALSO

Frank Liang and Peter Breitenlohner, patgen.web.

Frank Liang, Word hy-phen-a-tion by com-puter , STAN-CS-83-977, Stanford University Ph.D. thesis, 1983, http://tug.org/docs/liang.

Donald E. Knuth, The \*(OXbook , Addison-Wesley, 1986, ISBN 0-201-13447-0, Appendix H.

## AUTHORS

Frank Liang wrote the first version of this program. Peter Breitenlohner made a substantial revision in 1991 for *(TX 3. The first version was published as the appendix to the \*(OXware technical report. Howard Trickey originally ported it to Unix.