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The signed area can be computed in linear time by a simple sum. The key formula is this: If the coordinates of vertex v_i are x_i and y_i, twice the signed area of a polygon is given by:

    2 A( P ) = sum_{i = 0}^{n - 1} (x_i y_{i + 1} - y_i x_{i + 1})

Here n is the number of vertices of the polygon. A rearrangement of terms in this equation can save multiplications and operate on coordinate differences, and so may be both faster and more accurate:

    2 A( P ) = sum_{i = 0}^{n - 1} ((x_i + x_{i + 1}) (y_{i + 1} - y_i))

To find the area of a planar polygon not in the x-y plane, use:

    2 A(P) = abs(N . (sum_{i = 0}^{n - 1} (v_i × v_{i + 1})))

where N is a unit vector normal to the plane. The '.' represents the dot product operator, the '×' represents the cross product operator, and `abs()` is the absolute value function.