[/
 / Copyright (c) 2003-2024 Christopher M. Kohlhoff (chris at kohlhoff dot com)
 /
 / Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
 / file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 /]

[section:streams Streams, Short Reads and Short Writes]

Many I/O objects in Asio are stream-oriented. This means that:

* There are no message boundaries. The data being transferred is a continuous
  sequence of bytes.

* Read or write operations may transfer fewer bytes than requested. This is
  referred to as a short read or short write.

Objects that provide stream-oriented I/O model one or more of the following
type requirements:

* `SyncReadStream`, where synchronous read operations are performed using a
  member function called `read_some()`.

* `AsyncReadStream`, where asynchronous read operations are performed using a
  member function called `async_read_some()`.

* `SyncWriteStream`, where synchronous write operations are performed using a
  member function called `write_some()`.

* `AsyncWriteStream`, where asynchronous write operations are performed using a
  member function called `async_write_some()`.

Examples of stream-oriented I/O objects include `ip::tcp::socket`,
`ssl::stream<>`, `posix::stream_descriptor`, `windows::stream_handle`, etc.

Programs typically want to transfer an exact number of bytes. When a short read
or short write occurs the program must restart the operation, and continue to
do so until the required number of bytes has been transferred. Asio provides
generic functions that do this automatically: `read()`, `async_read()`,
`write()` and `async_write()`.

[heading Why EOF is an Error]

* The end of a stream can cause `read`, `async_read`, `read_until` or
  `async_read_until` functions to violate their contract. E.g.
  a read of N bytes may finish early due to EOF.

* An EOF error may be used to distinguish the end of a stream from a successful
  read of size 0.

[heading See Also]

[link asio.reference.async_read async_read()],
[link asio.reference.async_write async_write()],
[link asio.reference.read read()],
[link asio.reference.write write()],
[link asio.reference.AsyncReadStream AsyncReadStream],
[link asio.reference.AsyncWriteStream AsyncWriteStream],
[link asio.reference.SyncReadStream SyncReadStream],
[link asio.reference.SyncWriteStream SyncWriteStream].

[endsect]
