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# Source code for string

    """A collection of string constants.

    Public module variables:

    whitespace -- a string containing all ASCII whitespace
    ascii_lowercase -- a string containing all ASCII lowercase letters
    ascii_uppercase -- a string containing all ASCII uppercase letters
    ascii_letters -- a string containing all ASCII letters
    digits -- a string containing all ASCII decimal digits
    hexdigits -- a string containing all ASCII hexadecimal digits
    octdigits -- a string containing all ASCII octal digits
    punctuation -- a string containing all ASCII punctuation characters
    printable -- a string containing all ASCII characters considered printable

    """

    __all__ = ["ascii_letters", "ascii_lowercase", "ascii_uppercase", "capwords",
               "digits", "hexdigits", "octdigits", "printable", "punctuation",
               "whitespace", "Formatter", "Template"]

    import _string

    # Some strings for ctype-style character classification
    whitespace = ' \t\n\r\v\f'
    ascii_lowercase = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
    ascii_uppercase = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
    ascii_letters = ascii_lowercase + ascii_uppercase
    digits = '0123456789'
    hexdigits = digits + 'abcdef' + 'ABCDEF'
    octdigits = '01234567'
    punctuation = r"""!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~"""
    printable = digits + ascii_letters + punctuation + whitespace

    # Functions which aren't available as string methods.

    # Capitalize the words in a string, e.g. " aBc  dEf " -> "Abc Def".
    def capwords(s, sep=None):
        """capwords(s [,sep]) -> string

        Split the argument into words using split, capitalize each
        word using capitalize, and join the capitalized words using
        join.  If the optional second argument sep is absent or None,
        runs of whitespace characters are replaced by a single space
        and leading and trailing whitespace are removed, otherwise
        sep is used to split and join the words.

        """
        return (sep or ' ').join(x.capitalize() for x in s.split(sep))

    ####################################################################
    import re as _re
    from collections import ChainMap as _ChainMap

    _sentinel_dict = {}

    class Template:
        """A string class for supporting $-substitutions."""

        delimiter = '$'
        # r'[a-z]' matches to non-ASCII letters when used with IGNORECASE, but
        # without the ASCII flag.  We can't add re.ASCII to flags because of
        # backward compatibility.  So we use the ?a local flag and [a-z] pattern.
        # See https://bugs.python.org/issue31672
        idpattern = r'(?a:[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*)'
        braceidpattern = None
        flags = _re.IGNORECASE

        def __init_subclass__(cls):
            super().__init_subclass__()
            if 'pattern' in cls.__dict__:
                pattern = cls.pattern
            else:
                delim = _re.escape(cls.delimiter)
                id = cls.idpattern
                bid = cls.braceidpattern or cls.idpattern
                pattern = fr"""
                {delim}(?:
                  (?P<escaped>{delim})  |   # Escape sequence of two delimiters
                  (?P<named>{id})       |   # delimiter and a Python identifier
                  {{(?P<braced>{bid})}} |   # delimiter and a braced identifier
                  (?P<invalid>)             # Other ill-formed delimiter exprs
                )
                """
            cls.pattern = _re.compile(pattern, cls.flags | _re.VERBOSE)

        def __init__(self, template):
            self.template = template

        # Search for $$, $identifier, ${identifier}, and any bare $'s

        def _invalid(self, mo):
            i = mo.start('invalid')
            lines = self.template[:i].splitlines(keepends=True)
            if not lines:
                colno = 1
                lineno = 1
            else:
                colno = i - len(''.join(lines[:-1]))
                lineno = len(lines)
            raise ValueError('Invalid placeholder in string: line %d, col %d' %
                             (lineno, colno))

        def substitute(self, mapping=_sentinel_dict, /, **kws):
            if mapping is _sentinel_dict:
                mapping = kws
            elif kws:
                mapping = _ChainMap(kws, mapping)
            # Helper function for .sub()
            def convert(mo):
                # Check the most common path first.
                named = mo.group('named') or mo.group('braced')
                if named is not None:
                    return str(mapping[named])
                if mo.group('escaped') is not None:
                    return self.delimiter
                if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
                    self._invalid(mo)
                raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
                                 self.pattern)
            return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)

        def safe_substitute(self, mapping=_sentinel_dict, /, **kws):
            if mapping is _sentinel_dict:
                mapping = kws
            elif kws:
                mapping = _ChainMap(kws, mapping)
            # Helper function for .sub()
            def convert(mo):
                named = mo.group('named') or mo.group('braced')
                if named is not None:
                    try:
                        return str(mapping[named])
                    except KeyError:
                        return mo.group()
                if mo.group('escaped') is not None:
                    return self.delimiter
                if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
                    return mo.group()
                raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
                                 self.pattern)
            return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)

    # Initialize Template.pattern.  __init_subclass__() is automatically called
    # only for subclasses, not for the Template class itself.
    Template.__init_subclass__()

    ########################################################################
    # the Formatter class
    # see PEP 3101 for details and purpose of this class

    # The hard parts are reused from the C implementation.  They're exposed as "_"
    # prefixed methods of str.

    # The overall parser is implemented in _string.formatter_parser.
    # The field name parser is implemented in _string.formatter_field_name_split

    class Formatter:
        def format(self, format_string, /, *args, **kwargs):
            return self.vformat(format_string, args, kwargs)

        def vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs):
            used_args = set()
            result, _ = self._vformat(format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, 2)
            self.check_unused_args(used_args, args, kwargs)
            return result

        def _vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, recursion_depth,
                     auto_arg_index=0):
            if recursion_depth < 0:
                raise ValueError('Max string recursion exceeded')
            result = []
            for literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion in \
                    self.parse(format_string):

                # output the literal text
                if literal_text:
                    result.append(literal_text)

                # if there's a field, output it
                if field_name is not None:
                    # this is some markup, find the object and do
                    #  the formatting

                    # handle arg indexing when empty field_names are given.
                    if field_name == '':
                        if auto_arg_index is False:
                            raise ValueError('cannot switch from manual field '
                                             'specification to automatic field '
                                             'numbering')
                        field_name = str(auto_arg_index)
                        auto_arg_index += 1
                    elif field_name.isdigit():
                        if auto_arg_index:
                            raise ValueError('cannot switch from manual field '
                                             'specification to automatic field '
                                             'numbering')
                        # disable auto arg incrementing, if it gets
                        # used later on, then an exception will be raised
                        auto_arg_index = False

                    # given the field_name, find the object it references
                    #  and the argument it came from
                    obj, arg_used = self.get_field(field_name, args, kwargs)
                    used_args.add(arg_used)

                    # do any conversion on the resulting object
                    obj = self.convert_field(obj, conversion)

                    # expand the format spec, if needed
                    format_spec, auto_arg_index = self._vformat(
                        format_spec, args, kwargs,
                        used_args, recursion_depth-1,
                        auto_arg_index=auto_arg_index)

                    # format the object and append to the result
                    result.append(self.format_field(obj, format_spec))

            return ''.join(result), auto_arg_index

        def get_value(self, key, args, kwargs):
            if isinstance(key, int):
                return args[key]
            else:
                return kwargs[key]

        def check_unused_args(self, used_args, args, kwargs):
            pass

        def format_field(self, value, format_spec):
            return format(value, format_spec)

        def convert_field(self, value, conversion):
            # do any conversion on the resulting object
            if conversion is None:
                return value
            elif conversion == 's':
                return str(value)
            elif conversion == 'r':
                return repr(value)
            elif conversion == 'a':
                return ascii(value)
            raise ValueError("Unknown conversion specifier {0!s}".format(conversion))

        # returns an iterable that contains tuples of the form:
        # (literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion)
        # literal_text can be zero length
        # field_name can be None, in which case there's no
        #  object to format and output
        # if field_name is not None, it is looked up, formatted
        #  with format_spec and conversion and then used
        def parse(self, format_string):
            return _string.formatter_parser(format_string)

        # given a field_name, find the object it references.
        #  field_name:   the field being looked up, e.g. "0.name"
        #                 or "lookup[3]"
        #  used_args:    a set of which args have been used
        #  args, kwargs: as passed in to vformat
        def get_field(self, field_name, args, kwargs):
            first, rest = _string.formatter_field_name_split(field_name)

            obj = self.get_value(first, args, kwargs)

            # loop through the rest of the field_name, doing
            #  getattr or getitem as needed
            for is_attr, i in rest:
                if is_attr:
                    obj = getattr(obj, i)
                else:
                    obj = obj[i]

            return obj, first