---
title: Hacking on systemd
category: Contributing
layout: default
SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
---

# Hacking on systemd

We welcome all contributions to systemd.
If you notice a bug or a missing feature, please feel invited to fix it, and submit your work as a
[GitHub Pull Request (PR)](https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/new).

Please make sure to follow our [Coding Style](/CODING_STYLE) when submitting patches.
Also have a look at our [Contribution Guidelines](/CONTRIBUTING).

When adding new functionality, tests should be added.
For shared functionality (in `src/basic/` and `src/shared/`) unit tests should be sufficient.
The general policy is to keep tests in matching files underneath `src/test/`,
e.g. `src/test/test-path-util.c` contains tests for any functions in `src/basic/path-util.c`.
If adding a new source file, consider adding a matching test executable.
For features at a higher level, tests in `src/test/` are very strongly recommended.
If that is not possible, integration tests in `test/` are encouraged.

Please always test your work before submitting a PR.
For many of the components of systemd testing is straightforward as you can simply compile systemd and run the relevant tool from the build directory.

For some components (most importantly, systemd/PID 1 itself) this is not possible, however.
In order to simplify testing for cases like this we provide a set of `mkosi` config files directly in the source tree.
[mkosi](https://mkosi.systemd.io/)
is a tool for building clean OS images from an upstream distribution in combination with a fresh build of the project in the local working directory.
To make use of this, please install `mkosi` from the [GitHub repository](https://github.com/systemd/mkosi#running-mkosi-from-the-repository).
`mkosi` will build an image for the host distro by default.
First, run `mkosi genkey` to generate a key and certificate to be used for secure boot and verity signing.
After that is done, it is sufficient to type `mkosi` in the systemd project directory to generate a disk image you can boot either in `systemd-nspawn` or in a UEFI-capable VM:

```sh
$ sudo mkosi boot # nspawn still needs sudo for now
```

or:

```sh
$ mkosi qemu
```

By default, the tools from your host system are used to build the image.
Sometimes we start using mkosi features that rely on functionality in systemd
tools that's not in an official release yet. In that case, you'll need to build
systemd from source on the host and configure mkosi to use the tools from the
systemd build directory.

To do a local build, most distributions provide very simple and convenient ways
to install most development packages necessary to build systemd:

```sh
# Fedora
$ sudo dnf builddep systemd
# Debian/Ubuntu
$ sudo apt-get build-dep systemd
# Arch
$ sudo pacman -S devtools
$ pkgctl repo clone --protocol=https systemd
$ cd systemd
$ makepkg -seoc
```

After installing the development packages, systemd can be built from source as follows:

```sh
$ meson setup build <options>
$ ninja -C build
$ meson test -C build
```

To have `mkosi` use the systemd tools from the `build/` directory, add the
following to `mkosi.local.conf`:

```conf
[Host]
ExtraSearchPaths=build/
```

And if you want `mkosi` to build a tools image and use the tools from there
instead of looking for tools on the host, add the following to
`mkosi.local.conf`:

```conf
[Host]
ToolsTree=default
```

Every time you rerun the `mkosi` command a fresh image is built, incorporating
all current changes you made to the project tree. To build the latest changes
and re-install after booting the image, run one of the following commands in
another terminal on your host (choose the right one depending on the
distribution of the container or virtual machine):

```sh
mkosi -t none && mkosi ssh dnf upgrade --disablerepo="*" --assumeyes "/work/build/*.rpm"             # CentOS/Fedora
mkosi -t none && mkosi ssh apt-get install "/work/build/*.deb"                                       # Debian/Ubuntu
mkosi -t none && mkosi ssh pacman --upgrade --needed --noconfirm "/work/build/*.pkg.tar"             # Arch Linux
mkosi -t none && mkosi ssh zypper --non-interactive install --allow-unsigned-rpm "/work/build/*.rpm" # OpenSUSE
```

and optionally restart the daemon(s) you're working on using
`systemctl restart <units>` or `systemctl daemon-reexec` if you're working on
pid1 or `systemctl soft-reboot` to restart everything.

Putting this all together, here's a series of commands for preparing a patch for systemd:

```sh
$ git clone https://github.com/systemd/mkosi.git
$ ln -s $PWD/mkosi/bin/mkosi /usr/local/bin/mkosi
$ git clone https://github.com/systemd/systemd.git
$ cd systemd
$ git checkout -b <BRANCH>        # where BRANCH is the name of the branch
$ vim src/core/main.c             # or wherever you'd like to make your changes
$ mkosi -f qemu                   # (re-)build and boot up the test image in qemu
$ mkosi -t none                   # Build new packages without rebuilding the image
$ git add -p                      # interactively put together your patch
$ git commit                      # commit it
$ git push -u <REMOTE>            # where REMOTE is your "fork" on GitHub
```

And after that, head over to your repo on GitHub and click "Compare & pull request"

Happy hacking!

## Building distribution packages with mkosi

To build distribution packages for a specific distribution and release without
building an actual image, the following command can be used:

```sh
mkosi -d <distribution> -r <release> -t none
```

Afterwards the distribution packages will be located in
`build/mkosi.builddir/<distribution>~<release>~<architecture>/`. To also build
debuginfo packages, the following command can be used:

```sh
mkosi -d <distribution> -r <release> -E WITH_DEBUG=1 -t none
```

To upgrade the systemd packages on the host system to the newer versions built
by mkosi, run the following:

```sh
dnf upgrade build/mkosi.builddir/<distribution>~<release>~<architecture>/*.rpm                                           # Fedora/CentOS
apt-get install build/mkosi.builddir/<distribution>~<release>~<architecture>/*.deb                                       # Debian/Ubuntu
pacman --upgrade --needed --noconfirm build/mkosi.builddir/<distribution>~<release>~<architecture>/*.pkg.tar             # Arch Linux
zypper --non-interactive install --allow-unsigned-rpm build/mkosi.builddir/<distribution>~<release>~<architecture>/*.rpm # OpenSUSE
```

To downgrade back to the old version shipped by the distribution, run the
following:

```sh
dnf downgrade "systemd*" # Fedora/CentOS
# TODO: Other distributions
```

Additionally, for each pull request, the built distribution packages are
attached as CI artifacts to the pull request CI jobs, which means that users can
download and install them to test out if a pull request fixes the issue that
they reported. To download the packages from a pull request, click on the
`Checks` tab. Then click on the `mkosi` workflow in the list of workflows on the
left of the `Checks` page. Finally, scroll down to find the list of CI
artifacts. In this list of artifacts you can find artifacts containing
distribution packages. To install these, download the artifact which is a zip
archive, extract the zip archive to access the individual packages, and install
them with your package manager in the same way as described above for packages
that were built locally.

## Templating engines in .in files

Some source files are generated during build. We use two templating engines:
* meson's `configure_file()` directive uses syntax with `@VARIABLE@`.

See the [Meson docs for `configure_file()`](https://mesonbuild.com/Reference-manual.html#configure_file) for details.

{% raw %}
* most files are rendered using jinja2, with `{{VARIABLE}}` and `{% if … %}`,
`{% elif … %}`, `{% else … %}`, `{% endif … %}` blocks. `{# … #}` is a jinja2 comment,
i.e. that block will not be visible in the rendered output.
`{% raw %} … `{% endraw %}`{{ '{' }}{{ '% endraw %' }}}` creates a block where jinja2 syntax is not interpreted.

See the [Jinja Template Designer Documentation](https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/3.1.x/templates/#synopsis) for details.

Please note that files for both template engines use the `.in` extension.

## Developer and release modes

In the default meson configuration (`-Dmode=developer`),
certain checks are enabled that are suitable when hacking on systemd (such as internal documentation consistency checks).
Those are not useful when compiling for distribution and can be disabled by setting `-Dmode=release`.

## Sanitizers in mkosi

See [Testing systemd using sanitizers](/TESTING_WITH_SANITIZERS) for more information on how to build with sanitizers enabled in mkosi.

## Fuzzers

systemd includes fuzzers in `src/fuzz/` that use libFuzzer and are automatically run by [OSS-Fuzz](https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz) with sanitizers.
To add a fuzz target, create a new `src/fuzz/fuzz-foo.c` file with a `LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput` function and add it to the list in `src/fuzz/meson.build`.

Whenever possible, a seed corpus and a dictionary should also be added with new fuzz targets.
The dictionary should be named `src/fuzz/fuzz-foo.dict` and the seed corpus should be built and exported as `$OUT/fuzz-foo_seed_corpus.zip` in `tools/oss-fuzz.sh`.

The fuzzers can be built locally if you have libFuzzer installed by running `tools/oss-fuzz.sh`, or by running:

```sh
CC=clang CXX=clang++ \
meson setup build-libfuzz -Dllvm-fuzz=true -Db_sanitize=address,undefined -Db_lundef=false \
-Dc_args='-fno-omit-frame-pointer -DFUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION'
ninja -C build-libfuzz fuzzers
```

Each fuzzer then can be then run manually together with a directory containing the initial corpus:

```
export UBSAN_OPTIONS=print_stacktrace=1:print_summary=1:halt_on_error=1
build-libfuzz/fuzz-varlink-idl test/fuzz/fuzz-varlink-idl/
```

Note: the `halt_on_error=1` UBSan option is especially important,
otherwise the fuzzer won't crash when undefined behavior is triggered.

You should also confirm that the fuzzers can be built and run using
[the OSS-Fuzz toolchain](https://google.github.io/oss-fuzz/advanced-topics/reproducing/#building-using-docker):

```sh
path_to_systemd=...

git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz
cd oss-fuzz

for sanitizer in address undefined memory; do
for engine in libfuzzer afl honggfuzz; do
./infra/helper.py build_fuzzers --sanitizer "$sanitizer" --engine "$engine" \
--clean systemd "$path_to_systemd"

./infra/helper.py check_build --sanitizer "$sanitizer" --engine "$engine" \
-e ALLOWED_BROKEN_TARGETS_PERCENTAGE=0 systemd
done
done

./infra/helper.py build_fuzzers --clean --architecture i386 systemd "$path_to_systemd"
./infra/helper.py check_build --architecture i386 -e ALLOWED_BROKEN_TARGETS_PERCENTAGE=0 systemd

./infra/helper.py build_fuzzers --clean --sanitizer coverage systemd "$path_to_systemd"
./infra/helper.py coverage --no-corpus-download systemd
```

If you find a bug that impacts the security of systemd,
please follow the guidance in [CONTRIBUTING.md](/CONTRIBUTING) on how to report a security vulnerability.

For more details on building fuzzers and integrating with OSS-Fuzz, visit:

- [Setting up a new project - OSS-Fuzz](https://google.github.io/oss-fuzz/getting-started/new-project-guide/)
- [Tutorials - OSS-Fuzz](https://google.github.io/oss-fuzz/reference/useful-links/#tutorials)

## Debugging binaries that need to run as root in vscode

When trying to debug binaries that need to run as root,
we need to do some custom configuration in vscode to have it try to run the applications as root and to ask the user for the root password when trying to start the binary.
To achieve this, we'll use a custom debugger path which points to a script that starts `gdb` as root using `pkexec`.
pkexec will prompt the user for their root password via a graphical interface.
This guide assumes the C/C++ extension is used for debugging.

First, create a file `sgdb` in the root of the systemd repository with the following contents and make it executable:

```sh
#!/bin/sh
exec pkexec gdb "$@"
```

Then, open launch.json in vscode, and set `miDebuggerPath` to `${workspaceFolder}/sgdb` for the corresponding debug configuration.
Now, whenever you try to debug the application, vscode will try to start gdb as root via pkexec which will prompt you for your password via a graphical interface.
After entering your password, vscode should be able to start debugging the application.

For more information on how to set up a debug configuration for C binaries,
please refer to the official vscode documentation [here](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/cpp/launch-json-reference)

## Debugging systemd with mkosi + vscode

To simplify debugging systemd when testing changes using mkosi, we're going to show how to attach [VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/)'s debugger to an instance of systemd running in a mkosi image using QEMU.

To allow VSCode's debugger to attach to systemd running in a mkosi image,
we have to make sure it can access the virtual machine spawned by mkosi where systemd is running.
After booting the image with `mkosi qemu`,
you should now be able to connect to it by running `mkosi ssh` from the same directory in another terminal window.

Now we need to configure VSCode.
First, make sure the C/C++ extension is installed.
If you're already using a different extension for code completion and other IDE features for C in VSCode,
make sure to disable the corresponding parts of the C/C++ extension in your VSCode user settings by adding the following entries:

```json
"C_Cpp.formatting": "Disabled",
"C_Cpp.intelliSenseEngine": "Disabled",
"C_Cpp.enhancedColorization": "Disabled",
"C_Cpp.suggestSnippets": false,
```

With the extension set up,
we can create the launch.json file in the .vscode/ directory to tell the VSCode debugger how to attach to the systemd instance running in our mkosi container/VM.
Create the file, and possibly the directory, and add the following contents:

```json
{
    "version": "0.2.0",
    "configurations": [
        {
            "type": "cppdbg",
            "program": "/usr/lib/systemd/systemd",
            "processId": "${command:pickRemoteProcess}",
            "request": "attach",
            "name": "systemd",
            "pipeTransport": {
                "pipeProgram": "mkosi",
                "pipeArgs": ["-C", "${workspaceFolder}", "ssh"],
                "debuggerPath": "/usr/bin/gdb"
            },
            "MIMode": "gdb",
            "sourceFileMap": {
                "/work/src": {
                    "editorPath": "${workspaceFolder}",
                    "useForBreakpoints": false
                },
            }
        }
    ]
}
```

Now that the debugger knows how to connect to our process in the container/VM and we've set up the necessary source mappings,
go to the "Run and Debug" window and run the "systemd" debug configuration.
If everything goes well, the debugger should now be attached to the systemd instance running in the container/VM.
You can attach breakpoints from the editor and enjoy all the other features of VSCode's debugger.

To debug systemd components other than PID 1,
set "program" to the full path of the component you want to debug and set "processId" to "${command:pickProcess}".
Now, when starting the debugger, VSCode will ask you the PID of the process you want to debug.
Run `systemctl show --property MainPID --value <component>`
in the container to figure out the PID and enter it when asked and VSCode will attach to that process instead.

## Debugging systemd-boot

During boot, systemd-boot and the stub loader will output messages like `systemd-boot@0x0A` and `systemd-stub@0x0B`,
providing the base of the loaded code.
This location can then be used to attach to a QEMU session (provided it was run with `-s`).
See `debug-sd-boot.sh` script in the tools folder which automates this processes.

If the debugger is too slow to attach to examine an early boot code passage,
the call to `DEFINE_EFI_MAIN_FUNCTION()` can be modified to enable waiting.
As soon as the debugger has control, we can then run `set variable wait = 0` or `return` to continue.
Once the debugger has attached, setting breakpoints will work like usual.

To debug systemd-boot in an IDE such as VSCode we can use a launch configuration like this:
```json
{
    "name": "systemd-boot",
    "type": "cppdbg",
    "request": "launch",
    "program": "${workspaceFolder}/build/src/boot/efi/systemd-bootx64.efi",
    "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
    "MIMode": "gdb",
    "miDebuggerServerAddress": ":1234",
    "setupCommands": [
        { "text": "shell mkfifo /tmp/sdboot.{in,out}" },
        { "text": "shell qemu-system-x86_64 [...] -s -serial pipe:/tmp/sdboot" },
        { "text": "shell ${workspaceFolder}/tools/debug-sd-boot.sh ${workspaceFolder}/build/src/boot/efi/systemd-bootx64.efi /tmp/sdboot.out systemd-boot.gdb" },
        { "text": "source /tmp/systemd-boot.gdb" },
    ]
}
```

## mkosi + clangd

[clangd](https://clangd.llvm.org/) is a language server that provides code completion, diagnostics and more
right in your editor of choice (with the right plugin installed). When using mkosi, we can run clangd in the
mkosi build container to avoid needing to build systemd on the host machine just to make clangd work.

All that is required is to run `mkosi` once to make sure cached images are available and to modify the path of the
clangd binary used by your editor to the `mkosi.clangd` script included in the systemd repository. For example, for
VScode, you'd have to add the following to the VSCode workspace settings of the systemd repository:

```json
{
    "clangd.path": "<path-to-systemd-repository>/mkosi.clangd",
}
```
