/**********************************************************************
 * $Id$
 *
 * Project:  MapServer
 * Purpose:  OGR Link
 * Author:   Daniel Morissette, DM Solutions Group (morissette@dmsolutions.ca)
 *           Frank Warmerdam (warmerdam@pobox.com)
 *
 **********************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2005, Daniel Morissette, DM Solutions Group Inc
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
 * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
 * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
 * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies of this Software or works derived from this Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 **********************************************************************/

#include <assert.h>
#include "mapserver.h"
#include "mapproject.h"
#include "mapthread.h"
#include "mapows.h"
#include <string>
#include <vector>

#include "gdal.h"
#include "cpl_conv.h"
#include "cpl_string.h"
#include "ogr_srs_api.h"

#include <memory>

#define ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK msAcquireLock(TLOCK_OGR)
#define RELEASE_OGR_LOCK msReleaseLock(TLOCK_OGR)

// GDAL 1.x API
#include "ogr_api.h"

typedef struct ms_ogr_file_info_t {
  char *pszFname;
  char *pszLayerDef;
  int nLayerIndex;
  OGRDataSourceH hDS;
  OGRLayerH hLayer;
  OGRFeatureH hLastFeature;

  int nTileId;             /* applies on the tiles themselves. */
  projectionObj sTileProj; /* applies on the tiles themselves. */

  struct ms_ogr_file_info_t *poCurTile; /* exists on tile index, -> tiles */
  bool rect_is_defined;
  rectObj rect; /* set by TranslateMsExpression (possibly) and WhichShapes */

  int last_record_index_read;

  const char *dialect; /* NULL, Spatialite or PostgreSQL */
  char *pszSelect;
  char *pszSpatialFilterTableName;
  char *pszSpatialFilterGeometryColumn;
  char *pszMainTableName;
  char *pszRowId;
  int bIsOKForSQLCompose;
  bool bHasSpatialIndex; // used only for spatialite for now
  char *pszTablePrefix;  // prefix to qualify field names. used only for
                         // spatialite & gpkg for now when a join is done for
                         // spatial filtering.

  int bPaging;

  char *pszWHERE;

} msOGRFileInfo;

static int msOGRLayerIsOpen(layerObj *layer);
static int msOGRLayerInitItemInfo(layerObj *layer);
static int msOGRLayerGetAutoStyle(mapObj *map, layerObj *layer, classObj *c,
                                  shapeObj *shape);
static void msOGRCloseConnection(void *conn_handle);

/* ==================================================================
 * Geometry conversion functions
 * ================================================================== */

/**********************************************************************
 *                     ogrPointsAddPoint()
 *
 * NOTE: This function assumes the line->point array already has been
 * allocated large enough for the point to be added, but that numpoints
 * does not include this new point.
 **********************************************************************/
static void ogrPointsAddPoint(lineObj *line, double dX, double dY, double dZ,
                              int lineindex, rectObj *bounds) {
  /* Keep track of shape bounds */
  if (line->numpoints == 0 && lineindex == 0) {
    bounds->minx = bounds->maxx = dX;
    bounds->miny = bounds->maxy = dY;
  } else {
    if (dX < bounds->minx)
      bounds->minx = dX;
    if (dX > bounds->maxx)
      bounds->maxx = dX;
    if (dY < bounds->miny)
      bounds->miny = dY;
    if (dY > bounds->maxy)
      bounds->maxy = dY;
  }

  line->point[line->numpoints].x = dX;
  line->point[line->numpoints].y = dY;
  line->point[line->numpoints].z = dZ;
  line->point[line->numpoints].m = 0.0;
  line->numpoints++;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     ogrGeomPoints()
 **********************************************************************/
static int ogrGeomPoints(OGRGeometryH hGeom, shapeObj *outshp) {
  int i;
  int numpoints;

  if (hGeom == NULL)
    return 0;

  OGRwkbGeometryType eGType = wkbFlatten(OGR_G_GetGeometryType(hGeom));

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      Container types result in recursive invocation on each          */
  /*      subobject to add a set of points to the current list.           */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  switch (eGType) {
  case wkbGeometryCollection:
  case wkbMultiLineString:
  case wkbMultiPolygon:
  case wkbPolygon: {
    /* Treat it as GeometryCollection */
    for (int iGeom = 0; iGeom < OGR_G_GetGeometryCount(hGeom); iGeom++) {
      if (ogrGeomPoints(OGR_G_GetGeometryRef(hGeom, iGeom), outshp) == -1)
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
  } break;

  case wkbPoint:
  case wkbMultiPoint:
  case wkbLineString:
  case wkbLinearRing:
    /* We will handle these directly */
    break;

  default:
    /* There shouldn't be any more cases should there? */
    msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "OGRGeometry type `%s' not supported yet.",
               "ogrGeomPoints()", OGR_G_GetGeometryName(hGeom));
    return (-1);
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Count total number of points
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  if (eGType == wkbPoint) {
    numpoints = 1;
  } else if (eGType == wkbLineString || eGType == wkbLinearRing) {
    numpoints = OGR_G_GetPointCount(hGeom);
  } else if (eGType == wkbMultiPoint) {
    numpoints = OGR_G_GetGeometryCount(hGeom);
  } else {
    msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "OGRGeometry type `%s' not supported yet.",
               "ogrGeomPoints()", OGR_G_GetGeometryName(hGeom));
    return (-1);
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Do we need to allocate a line object to contain all our points?
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  if (outshp->numlines == 0) {
    lineObj newline;

    newline.numpoints = 0;
    newline.point = NULL;
    msAddLine(outshp, &newline);
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Extend the point array for the new of points to add from the
   * current geometry.
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  lineObj *line = outshp->line + outshp->numlines - 1;

  if (line->point == NULL)
    line->point = (pointObj *)malloc(sizeof(pointObj) * numpoints);
  else
    line->point = (pointObj *)realloc(
        line->point, sizeof(pointObj) * (numpoints + line->numpoints));

  if (!line->point) {
    msSetError(MS_MEMERR, "Unable to allocate temporary point cache.",
               "ogrGeomPoints()");
    return (-1);
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * alloc buffer and filter/transform points
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  if (eGType == wkbPoint) {
    ogrPointsAddPoint(line, OGR_G_GetX(hGeom, 0), OGR_G_GetY(hGeom, 0),
                      OGR_G_GetZ(hGeom, 0), outshp->numlines - 1,
                      &(outshp->bounds));
  } else if (eGType == wkbLineString || eGType == wkbLinearRing) {
    for (i = 0; i < numpoints; i++)
      ogrPointsAddPoint(line, OGR_G_GetX(hGeom, i), OGR_G_GetY(hGeom, i),
                        OGR_G_GetZ(hGeom, i), outshp->numlines - 1,
                        &(outshp->bounds));
  } else if (eGType == wkbMultiPoint) {
    for (i = 0; i < numpoints; i++) {
      OGRGeometryH hPoint = OGR_G_GetGeometryRef(hGeom, i);
      ogrPointsAddPoint(line, OGR_G_GetX(hPoint, 0), OGR_G_GetY(hPoint, 0),
                        OGR_G_GetZ(hPoint, 0), outshp->numlines - 1,
                        &(outshp->bounds));
    }
  }

  outshp->type = MS_SHAPE_POINT;

  return (0);
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     ogrGeomLine()
 *
 * Recursively convert any OGRGeometry into a shapeObj.  Each part becomes
 * a line in the overall shapeObj.
 **********************************************************************/
static int ogrGeomLine(OGRGeometryH hGeom, shapeObj *outshp, int bCloseRings) {
  if (hGeom == NULL)
    return 0;

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Use recursive calls for complex geometries
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  OGRwkbGeometryType eGType = wkbFlatten(OGR_G_GetGeometryType(hGeom));

  if (eGType == wkbPolygon || eGType == wkbGeometryCollection ||
      eGType == wkbMultiLineString || eGType == wkbMultiPolygon) {
    if (eGType == wkbPolygon && outshp->type == MS_SHAPE_NULL)
      outshp->type = MS_SHAPE_POLYGON;

    /* Treat it as GeometryCollection */
    for (int iGeom = 0; iGeom < OGR_G_GetGeometryCount(hGeom); iGeom++) {
      if (ogrGeomLine(OGR_G_GetGeometryRef(hGeom, iGeom), outshp,
                      bCloseRings) == -1)
        return -1;
    }
  }
  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * OGRPoint and OGRMultiPoint
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  else if (eGType == wkbPoint || eGType == wkbMultiPoint) {
    /* Hummmm a point when we're drawing lines/polygons... just drop it! */
  }
  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * OGRLinearRing/OGRLineString ... both are of type wkbLineString
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  else if (eGType == wkbLineString) {
    int j, numpoints;
    lineObj line = {0, NULL};
    double dX, dY;

    if ((numpoints = OGR_G_GetPointCount(hGeom)) < 2)
      return 0;

    if (outshp->type == MS_SHAPE_NULL)
      outshp->type = MS_SHAPE_LINE;

    line.numpoints = 0;
    line.point = (pointObj *)malloc(sizeof(pointObj) * (numpoints + 1));
    if (!line.point) {
      msSetError(MS_MEMERR, "Unable to allocate temporary point cache.",
                 "ogrGeomLine");
      return (-1);
    }

    OGR_G_GetPoints(hGeom, &(line.point[0].x), sizeof(pointObj),
                    &(line.point[0].y), sizeof(pointObj), &(line.point[0].z),
                    sizeof(pointObj));

    for (j = 0; j < numpoints; j++) {
      dX = line.point[j].x = OGR_G_GetX(hGeom, j);
      dY = line.point[j].y = OGR_G_GetY(hGeom, j);

      /* Keep track of shape bounds */
      if (j == 0 && outshp->numlines == 0) {
        outshp->bounds.minx = outshp->bounds.maxx = dX;
        outshp->bounds.miny = outshp->bounds.maxy = dY;
      } else {
        if (dX < outshp->bounds.minx)
          outshp->bounds.minx = dX;
        if (dX > outshp->bounds.maxx)
          outshp->bounds.maxx = dX;
        if (dY < outshp->bounds.miny)
          outshp->bounds.miny = dY;
        if (dY > outshp->bounds.maxy)
          outshp->bounds.maxy = dY;
      }
    }
    line.numpoints = numpoints;

    if (bCloseRings && (line.point[line.numpoints - 1].x != line.point[0].x ||
                        line.point[line.numpoints - 1].y != line.point[0].y)) {
      line.point[line.numpoints].x = line.point[0].x;
      line.point[line.numpoints].y = line.point[0].y;
      line.point[line.numpoints].z = line.point[0].z;
      line.numpoints++;
    }

    msAddLineDirectly(outshp, &line);
  } else {
    msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "OGRGeometry type `%s' not supported.",
               "ogrGeomLine()", OGR_G_GetGeometryName(hGeom));
    return (-1);
  }

  return (0);
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     ogrGetLinearGeometry()
 *
 * Fetch geometry from OGR feature. If using GDAL 2.0 or later, the geometry
 * might be of curve type, so linearize it.
 **********************************************************************/
static OGRGeometryH ogrGetLinearGeometry(OGRFeatureH hFeature) {
  /* Convert in place and reassign to the feature */
  OGRGeometryH hGeom = OGR_F_StealGeometry(hFeature);
  if (hGeom != NULL) {
    hGeom = OGR_G_ForceTo(hGeom, OGR_GT_GetLinear(OGR_G_GetGeometryType(hGeom)),
                          NULL);
    OGR_F_SetGeometryDirectly(hFeature, hGeom);
  }
  return hGeom;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     ogrConvertGeometry()
 *
 * Convert OGR geometry into a shape object doing the best possible
 * job to match OGR Geometry type and layer type.
 *
 * If layer type is incompatible with geometry, then shape is returned with
 * shape->type = MS_SHAPE_NULL
 **********************************************************************/
static int ogrConvertGeometry(OGRGeometryH hGeom, shapeObj *outshp,
                              enum MS_LAYER_TYPE layertype) {
  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Process geometry according to layer type
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  int nStatus = MS_SUCCESS;

  if (hGeom == NULL) {
    // Empty geometry... this is not an error... we'll just skip it
    return MS_SUCCESS;
  }

  switch (layertype) {
    /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
     *      POINT layer - Any geometry can be converted to point/multipoint
     * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  case MS_LAYER_POINT:
    if (ogrGeomPoints(hGeom, outshp) == -1) {
      nStatus = MS_FAILURE; // Error message already produced.
    }
    break;
    /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
     *      LINE layer
     * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  case MS_LAYER_LINE:
    if (ogrGeomLine(hGeom, outshp, MS_FALSE) == -1) {
      nStatus = MS_FAILURE; // Error message already produced.
    }
    if (outshp->type != MS_SHAPE_LINE && outshp->type != MS_SHAPE_POLYGON)
      outshp->type = MS_SHAPE_NULL; // Incompatible type for this layer
    break;
    /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
     *      POLYGON layer
     * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  case MS_LAYER_POLYGON:
    if (ogrGeomLine(hGeom, outshp, MS_TRUE) == -1) {
      nStatus = MS_FAILURE; // Error message already produced.
    }
    if (outshp->type != MS_SHAPE_POLYGON)
      outshp->type = MS_SHAPE_NULL; // Incompatible type for this layer
    break;
    /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
     *      Chart or Query layers - return real feature type
     * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  case MS_LAYER_CHART:
  case MS_LAYER_QUERY:
    switch (OGR_G_GetGeometryType(hGeom)) {
    case wkbPoint:
    case wkbPoint25D:
    case wkbMultiPoint:
    case wkbMultiPoint25D:
      if (ogrGeomPoints(hGeom, outshp) == -1) {
        nStatus = MS_FAILURE; // Error message already produced.
      }
      break;
    default:
      // Handle any non-point types as lines/polygons ... ogrGeomLine()
      // will decide the shape type
      if (ogrGeomLine(hGeom, outshp, MS_FALSE) == -1) {
        nStatus = MS_FAILURE; // Error message already produced.
      }
    }
    break;

  default:
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR, "Unknown or unsupported layer type.",
               "msOGRLayerNextShape()");
    nStatus = MS_FAILURE;
  } /* switch layertype */

  return nStatus;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRGeometryToShape()
 *
 * Utility function to convert from OGR geometry to a mapserver shape
 * object.
 **********************************************************************/
int msOGRGeometryToShape(OGRGeometryH hGeometry, shapeObj *psShape,
                         OGRwkbGeometryType nType) {
  if (hGeometry && psShape && nType > 0) {
    if (nType == wkbPoint || nType == wkbMultiPoint)
      return ogrConvertGeometry(hGeometry, psShape, MS_LAYER_POINT);
    else if (nType == wkbLineString || nType == wkbMultiLineString)
      return ogrConvertGeometry(hGeometry, psShape, MS_LAYER_LINE);
    else if (nType == wkbPolygon || nType == wkbMultiPolygon)
      return ogrConvertGeometry(hGeometry, psShape, MS_LAYER_POLYGON);
    else
      return MS_FAILURE;
  } else
    return MS_FAILURE;
}

/* ==================================================================
 * Attributes handling functions
 * ================================================================== */

// Special field index codes for handling text string and angle coming from
// OGR style strings.

#define MSOGR_FID_INDEX -99

#define MSOGR_LABELNUMITEMS 21
#define MSOGR_LABELFONTNAMENAME "OGR:LabelFont"
#define MSOGR_LABELFONTNAMEINDEX -100
#define MSOGR_LABELSIZENAME "OGR:LabelSize"
#define MSOGR_LABELSIZEINDEX -101
#define MSOGR_LABELTEXTNAME "OGR:LabelText"
#define MSOGR_LABELTEXTINDEX -102
#define MSOGR_LABELANGLENAME "OGR:LabelAngle"
#define MSOGR_LABELANGLEINDEX -103
#define MSOGR_LABELFCOLORNAME "OGR:LabelFColor"
#define MSOGR_LABELFCOLORINDEX -104
#define MSOGR_LABELBCOLORNAME "OGR:LabelBColor"
#define MSOGR_LABELBCOLORINDEX -105
#define MSOGR_LABELPLACEMENTNAME "OGR:LabelPlacement"
#define MSOGR_LABELPLACEMENTINDEX -106
#define MSOGR_LABELANCHORNAME "OGR:LabelAnchor"
#define MSOGR_LABELANCHORINDEX -107
#define MSOGR_LABELDXNAME "OGR:LabelDx"
#define MSOGR_LABELDXINDEX -108
#define MSOGR_LABELDYNAME "OGR:LabelDy"
#define MSOGR_LABELDYINDEX -109
#define MSOGR_LABELPERPNAME "OGR:LabelPerp"
#define MSOGR_LABELPERPINDEX -110
#define MSOGR_LABELBOLDNAME "OGR:LabelBold"
#define MSOGR_LABELBOLDINDEX -111
#define MSOGR_LABELITALICNAME "OGR:LabelItalic"
#define MSOGR_LABELITALICINDEX -112
#define MSOGR_LABELUNDERLINENAME "OGR:LabelUnderline"
#define MSOGR_LABELUNDERLINEINDEX -113
#define MSOGR_LABELPRIORITYNAME "OGR:LabelPriority"
#define MSOGR_LABELPRIORITYINDEX -114
#define MSOGR_LABELSTRIKEOUTNAME "OGR:LabelStrikeout"
#define MSOGR_LABELSTRIKEOUTINDEX -115
#define MSOGR_LABELSTRETCHNAME "OGR:LabelStretch"
#define MSOGR_LABELSTRETCHINDEX -116
#define MSOGR_LABELADJHORNAME "OGR:LabelAdjHor"
#define MSOGR_LABELADJHORINDEX -117
#define MSOGR_LABELADJVERTNAME "OGR:LabelAdjVert"
#define MSOGR_LABELADJVERTINDEX -118
#define MSOGR_LABELHCOLORNAME "OGR:LabelHColor"
#define MSOGR_LABELHCOLORINDEX -119
#define MSOGR_LABELOCOLORNAME "OGR:LabelOColor"
#define MSOGR_LABELOCOLORINDEX -120
// Special codes for the OGR style parameters
#define MSOGR_LABELPARAMNAME "OGR:LabelParam"
#define MSOGR_LABELPARAMNAMELEN 14
#define MSOGR_LABELPARAMINDEX -500
#define MSOGR_BRUSHPARAMNAME "OGR:BrushParam"
#define MSOGR_BRUSHPARAMNAMELEN 14
#define MSOGR_BRUSHPARAMINDEX -600
#define MSOGR_PENPARAMNAME "OGR:PenParam"
#define MSOGR_PENPARAMNAMELEN 12
#define MSOGR_PENPARAMINDEX -700
#define MSOGR_SYMBOLPARAMNAME "OGR:SymbolParam"
#define MSOGR_SYMBOLPARAMNAMELEN 15
#define MSOGR_SYMBOLPARAMINDEX -800

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRGetValues()
 *
 * Load selected item (i.e. field) values into a char array
 *
 * Some special attribute names are used to return some OGRFeature params
 * like for instance stuff encoded in the OGRStyleString.
 * For now the following pseudo-attribute names are supported:
 *  "OGR:TextString"  OGRFeatureStyle's text string if present
 *  "OGR:TextAngle"   OGRFeatureStyle's text angle, or 0 if not set
 **********************************************************************/
static char **msOGRGetValues(layerObj *layer, OGRFeatureH hFeature) {
  char **values;
  const char *pszValue = NULL;
  int i;

  if (layer->numitems == 0)
    return (NULL);

  if (!layer->iteminfo) // Should not happen... but just in case!
    if (msOGRLayerInitItemInfo(layer) != MS_SUCCESS)
      return NULL;

  if ((values = (char **)malloc(sizeof(char *) * layer->numitems)) == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MEMERR, NULL, "msOGRGetValues()");
    return (NULL);
  }

  OGRStyleMgrH hStyleMgr = NULL;
  OGRStyleToolH hLabelStyle = NULL;
  OGRStyleToolH hPenStyle = NULL;
  OGRStyleToolH hBrushStyle = NULL;
  OGRStyleToolH hSymbolStyle = NULL;

  int *itemindexes = (int *)layer->iteminfo;

  int nYear;
  int nMonth;
  int nDay;
  int nHour;
  int nMinute;
  int nSecond;
  int nTZFlag;

  for (i = 0; i < layer->numitems; i++) {
    if (itemindexes[i] >= 0) {
      // Extract regular attributes
      const char *pszValue = OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeature, itemindexes[i]);
      if (pszValue[0] == 0) {
        values[i] = msStrdup("");
      } else {
        OGRFieldDefnH hFieldDefnRef =
            OGR_F_GetFieldDefnRef(hFeature, itemindexes[i]);
        switch (OGR_Fld_GetType(hFieldDefnRef)) {
        case OFTTime:
          OGR_F_GetFieldAsDateTime(hFeature, itemindexes[i], &nYear, &nMonth,
                                   &nDay, &nHour, &nMinute, &nSecond, &nTZFlag);
          switch (nTZFlag) {
          case 0: // Unknown time zone
          case 1: // Local time zone (not specified)
            values[i] =
                msStrdup(CPLSPrintf("%02d:%02d:%02d", nHour, nMinute, nSecond));
            break;
          case 100: // GMT
            values[i] = msStrdup(
                CPLSPrintf("%02d:%02d:%02dZ", nHour, nMinute, nSecond));
            break;
          default: // Offset (in quarter-hour units) from GMT
            const int TZOffset = std::abs(nTZFlag - 100) * 15;
            const int TZHour = TZOffset / 60;
            const int TZMinute = TZOffset % 60;
            const char TZSign = (nTZFlag > 100) ? '+' : '-';
            values[i] =
                msStrdup(CPLSPrintf("%02d:%02d:%02d%c%02d:%02d", nHour, nMinute,
                                    nSecond, TZSign, TZHour, TZMinute));
          }
          break;
        case OFTDate:
          OGR_F_GetFieldAsDateTime(hFeature, itemindexes[i], &nYear, &nMonth,
                                   &nDay, &nHour, &nMinute, &nSecond, &nTZFlag);
          values[i] =
              msStrdup(CPLSPrintf("%04d-%02d-%02d", nYear, nMonth, nDay));
          break;
        case OFTDateTime:
          OGR_F_GetFieldAsDateTime(hFeature, itemindexes[i], &nYear, &nMonth,
                                   &nDay, &nHour, &nMinute, &nSecond, &nTZFlag);
          switch (nTZFlag) {
          case 0: // Unknown time zone
          case 1: // Local time zone (not specified)
            values[i] =
                msStrdup(CPLSPrintf("%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d", nYear,
                                    nMonth, nDay, nHour, nMinute, nSecond));
            break;
          case 100: // GMT
            values[i] =
                msStrdup(CPLSPrintf("%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02dZ", nYear,
                                    nMonth, nDay, nHour, nMinute, nSecond));
            break;
          default: // Offset (in quarter-hour units) from GMT
            const int TZOffset = std::abs(nTZFlag - 100) * 15;
            const int TZHour = TZOffset / 60;
            const int TZMinute = TZOffset % 60;
            const char TZSign = (nTZFlag > 100) ? '+' : '-';
            values[i] = msStrdup(CPLSPrintf(
                "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d%c%02d:%02d", nYear, nMonth, nDay,
                nHour, nMinute, nSecond, TZSign, TZHour, TZMinute));
          }
          break;
        default:
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);
          break;
        }
      }
    } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_FID_INDEX) {
      values[i] =
          msStrdup(CPLSPrintf(CPL_FRMT_GIB, (GIntBig)OGR_F_GetFID(hFeature)));
    } else {
      // Handle special OGR attributes coming from StyleString
      if (!hStyleMgr) {
        hStyleMgr = OGR_SM_Create(NULL);
        OGR_SM_InitFromFeature(hStyleMgr, hFeature);
        int numParts = OGR_SM_GetPartCount(hStyleMgr, NULL);
        for (int i = 0; i < numParts; i++) {
          OGRStyleToolH hStylePart = OGR_SM_GetPart(hStyleMgr, i, NULL);
          if (hStylePart) {
            if (OGR_ST_GetType(hStylePart) == OGRSTCLabel && !hLabelStyle)
              hLabelStyle = hStylePart;
            else if (OGR_ST_GetType(hStylePart) == OGRSTCPen && !hPenStyle)
              hPenStyle = hStylePart;
            else if (OGR_ST_GetType(hStylePart) == OGRSTCBrush && !hBrushStyle)
              hBrushStyle = hStylePart;
            else if (OGR_ST_GetType(hStylePart) == OGRSTCSymbol &&
                     !hSymbolStyle)
              hSymbolStyle = hStylePart;
            else {
              OGR_ST_Destroy(hStylePart);
              hStylePart = NULL;
            }
          }
          /* Setting up the size units according to msOGRLayerGetAutoStyle*/
          if (hStylePart && layer->map)
            OGR_ST_SetUnit(hStylePart, OGRSTUPixel,
                           layer->map->cellsize * layer->map->resolution /
                               layer->map->defresolution * 72.0 * 39.37);
        }
      }
      int bDefault;
      if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELTEXTINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelTextString,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELTEXTNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELANGLEINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelAngle,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("0");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELANGLENAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELSIZEINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelSize,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("0");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELSIZENAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELFCOLORINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelFColor,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("#000000");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELFCOLORNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELFONTNAMEINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelFontName,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("Arial");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELFONTNAMENAME " =       \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELBCOLORINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelBColor,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("#000000");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELBCOLORNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELPLACEMENTINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelPlacement,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELPLACEMENTNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELANCHORINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelAnchor,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("0");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELANCHORNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELDXINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelDx,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("0");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELDXNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELDYINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelDy,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("0");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELDYNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELPERPINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelPerp,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("0");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELPERPNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELBOLDINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelBold,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("0");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELBOLDNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELITALICINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelItalic,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("0");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELITALICNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELUNDERLINEINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelUnderline,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("0");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELUNDERLINENAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELPRIORITYINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelPriority,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("0");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELPRIORITYNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELSTRIKEOUTINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelStrikeout,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("0");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELSTRIKEOUTNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELSTRETCHINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelStretch,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("0");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELSTRETCHNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELADJHORINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelAdjHor,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELADJHORNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELADJVERTINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelAdjVert,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELADJVERTNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELHCOLORINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelHColor,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELHCOLORNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] == MSOGR_LABELOCOLORINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelOColor,
                                            &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELOCOLORNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] >= MSOGR_LABELPARAMINDEX) {
        if (hLabelStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(
                  hLabelStyle, itemindexes[i] - MSOGR_LABELPARAMINDEX,
                  &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_LABELPARAMNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] >= MSOGR_BRUSHPARAMINDEX) {
        if (hBrushStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(
                  hBrushStyle, itemindexes[i] - MSOGR_BRUSHPARAMINDEX,
                  &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_BRUSHPARAMNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] >= MSOGR_PENPARAMINDEX) {
        if (hPenStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(
                  hPenStyle, itemindexes[i] - MSOGR_PENPARAMINDEX,
                  &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_PENPARAMNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else if (itemindexes[i] >= MSOGR_SYMBOLPARAMINDEX) {
        if (hSymbolStyle == NULL ||
            ((pszValue = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(
                  hSymbolStyle, itemindexes[i] - MSOGR_SYMBOLPARAMINDEX,
                  &bDefault)) == NULL))
          values[i] = msStrdup("");
        else
          values[i] = msStrdup(pszValue);

        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug(MSOGR_SYMBOLPARAMNAME " = \"%s\"\n", values[i]);
      } else {
        msFreeCharArray(values, i);

        OGR_SM_Destroy(hStyleMgr);
        OGR_ST_Destroy(hLabelStyle);
        OGR_ST_Destroy(hPenStyle);
        OGR_ST_Destroy(hBrushStyle);
        OGR_ST_Destroy(hSymbolStyle);

        msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "Invalid field index!?!", "msOGRGetValues()");
        return (NULL);
      }
    }
  }

  OGR_SM_Destroy(hStyleMgr);
  OGR_ST_Destroy(hLabelStyle);
  OGR_ST_Destroy(hPenStyle);
  OGR_ST_Destroy(hBrushStyle);
  OGR_ST_Destroy(hSymbolStyle);

  return (values);
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRSpatialRef2ProjectionObj()
 *
 * Init a MapServer projectionObj using an OGRSpatialRef
 * Works only with PROJECTION AUTO
 *
 * Returns MS_SUCCESS/MS_FAILURE
 **********************************************************************/
static int msOGRSpatialRef2ProjectionObj(OGRSpatialReferenceH hSRS,
                                         projectionObj *proj, int debug_flag) {
  // First flush the "auto" name from the projargs[]...
  msFreeProjectionExceptContext(proj);

  if (hSRS == NULL || OSRIsLocal(hSRS)) {
    // Dataset had no set projection or is NonEarth (LOCAL_CS)...
    // Nothing else to do. Leave proj empty and no reprojection will happen!
    return MS_SUCCESS;
  }

  // This helps avoiding going through potentially lossy PROJ4 strings
  const char *pszAuthName = OSRGetAuthorityName(hSRS, NULL);
  if (pszAuthName && EQUAL(pszAuthName, "EPSG")) {
    const char *pszAuthCode = OSRGetAuthorityCode(hSRS, NULL);
    if (pszAuthCode) {
      char szInitStr[32];
      snprintf(szInitStr, sizeof(szInitStr), "init=epsg:%d", atoi(pszAuthCode));

      if (debug_flag)
        msDebug("AUTO = %s\n", szInitStr);

      return msLoadProjectionString(proj, szInitStr) == 0 ? MS_SUCCESS
                                                          : MS_FAILURE;
    }
  }

  // Export OGR SRS to a PROJ4 string
  char *pszProj = NULL;

  if (OSRExportToProj4(hSRS, &pszProj) != OGRERR_NONE || pszProj == NULL ||
      strlen(pszProj) == 0) {
    msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "Conversion from OGR SRS to PROJ4 failed.",
               "msOGRSpatialRef2ProjectionObj()");
    CPLFree(pszProj);
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  if (debug_flag)
    msDebug("AUTO = %s\n", pszProj);

  if (msLoadProjectionString(proj, pszProj) != 0)
    return MS_FAILURE;

  CPLFree(pszProj);

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGCWKT2ProjectionObj()
 *
 * Init a MapServer projectionObj using an OGC WKT definition.
 * Works only with PROJECTION AUTO
 *
 * Returns MS_SUCCESS/MS_FAILURE
 **********************************************************************/

int msOGCWKT2ProjectionObj(const char *pszWKT, projectionObj *proj,
                           int debug_flag)

{
  OGRSpatialReferenceH hSRS;
  char *pszAltWKT = (char *)pszWKT;
  OGRErr eErr;
  int ms_result;

  hSRS = OSRNewSpatialReference(NULL);

  if (!EQUALN(pszWKT, "GEOGCS", 6) && !EQUALN(pszWKT, "PROJCS", 6) &&
      !EQUALN(pszWKT, "LOCAL_CS", 8))
    eErr = OSRSetFromUserInput(hSRS, pszWKT);
  else
    eErr = OSRImportFromWkt(hSRS, &pszAltWKT);

  if (eErr != OGRERR_NONE) {
    OSRDestroySpatialReference(hSRS);
    msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "Ingestion of WKT string '%s' failed.",
               "msOGCWKT2ProjectionObj()", pszWKT);
    return MS_FAILURE;
  }

  ms_result = msOGRSpatialRef2ProjectionObj(hSRS, proj, debug_flag);

  OSRDestroySpatialReference(hSRS);
  return ms_result;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRFileOpen()
 *
 * Open an OGR connection, and initialize a msOGRFileInfo.
 **********************************************************************/

static int bOGRDriversRegistered = MS_FALSE;

void msOGRInitialize(void)

{
  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Register OGR Drivers, only once per execution
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  if (!bOGRDriversRegistered) {
    ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;

    OGRRegisterAll();
    CPLPushErrorHandler(CPLQuietErrorHandler);

    /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
     * Pass config option GML_FIELDTYPES=ALWAYS_STRING to OGR so that all
     * GML attributes are returned as strings to MapServer. This is most
     * efficient and prevents problems with autodetection of some attribute
     * types.
     * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
    CPLSetConfigOption("GML_FIELDTYPES", "ALWAYS_STRING");

    bOGRDriversRegistered = MS_TRUE;

    RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
  }
}

/* ==================================================================
 * The following functions closely relate to the API called from
 * maplayer.c, but are intended to be used for the tileindex or direct
 * layer access.
 * ================================================================== */

static void msOGRFileOpenSpatialite(layerObj *layer, const char *pszLayerDef,
                                    msOGRFileInfo *psInfo);

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRFileOpen()
 *
 * Open an OGR connection, and initialize a msOGRFileInfo.
 **********************************************************************/

static msOGRFileInfo *msOGRFileOpen(layerObj *layer, const char *connection)

{
  char *conn_decrypted = NULL;

  msOGRInitialize();

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Make sure any encrypted token in the connection string are decrypted
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  if (connection) {
    conn_decrypted = msDecryptStringTokens(layer->map, connection);
    if (conn_decrypted == NULL)
      return NULL; /* An error should already have been reported */
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Parse connection string into dataset name, and layer name.
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  char *pszDSName = NULL, *pszLayerDef = NULL;

  if (conn_decrypted == NULL) {
    /* we don't have anything */
  } else if (layer->data != NULL) {
    pszDSName = CPLStrdup(conn_decrypted);
    pszLayerDef = CPLStrdup(layer->data);
  } else {
    char **papszTokens = NULL;

    papszTokens = CSLTokenizeStringComplex(conn_decrypted, ",", TRUE, FALSE);

    if (CSLCount(papszTokens) > 0)
      pszDSName = CPLStrdup(papszTokens[0]);
    if (CSLCount(papszTokens) > 1)
      pszLayerDef = CPLStrdup(papszTokens[1]);

    CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
  }

  /* Get rid of decrypted connection string. We'll use the original (not
   * decrypted) string for debug and error messages in the rest of the code.
   */
  msFree(conn_decrypted);
  conn_decrypted = NULL;

  if (pszDSName == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_OGRERR,
               "Error parsing OGR connection information in layer `%s'",
               "msOGRFileOpen()", layer->name ? layer->name : "(null)");
    return NULL;
  }

  if (pszLayerDef == NULL)
    pszLayerDef = CPLStrdup("0");

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      Can we get an existing connection for this layer?               */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  OGRDataSourceH hDS;

  hDS = (OGRDataSourceH)msConnPoolRequest(layer);

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      If not, open now, and register this connection with the         */
  /*      pool.                                                           */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  if (hDS == NULL) {
    char szPath[MS_MAXPATHLEN] = "";
    const char *pszDSSelectedName = pszDSName;

    if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_V) {
      msDebug("msOGRFileOpen(%s)...\n", connection);
    }

    CPLErrorReset();
    if (msTryBuildPath3(szPath, layer->map->mappath, layer->map->shapepath,
                        pszDSName) != NULL ||
        msTryBuildPath(szPath, layer->map->mappath, pszDSName) != NULL) {
      /* Use relative path */
      pszDSSelectedName = szPath;
    }

    if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_V) {
      msDebug("GDALOpenEx(%s)\n", pszDSSelectedName);
    }

    ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
    char **connectionoptions =
        msGetStringListFromHashTable(&(layer->connectionoptions));
    hDS = (OGRDataSourceH)GDALOpenEx(pszDSSelectedName, GDAL_OF_VECTOR, NULL,
                                     (const char *const *)connectionoptions,
                                     NULL);
    CSLDestroy(connectionoptions);
    RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;

    if (hDS == NULL) {
      msSetError(MS_OGRERR,
                 "Open failed for OGR connection in layer `%s'.  "
                 "File not found or unsupported format. Check server logs.",
                 "msOGRFileOpen()", layer->name ? layer->name : "(null)");
      if (strlen(CPLGetLastErrorMsg()) == 0)
        msDebug("Open failed for OGR connection in layer `%s'.\n%s\n",
                layer->name ? layer->name : "(null)", CPLGetLastErrorMsg());
      CPLFree(pszDSName);
      CPLFree(pszLayerDef);
      return NULL;
    }

    msConnPoolRegister(layer, hDS, msOGRCloseConnection);
  }

  CPLFree(pszDSName);
  pszDSName = NULL;

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Find the layer selected.
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

  int nLayerIndex = 0;
  OGRLayerH hLayer = NULL;

  int iLayer;

  if (EQUALN(pszLayerDef, "SELECT ", 7)) {
    ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
    hLayer = OGR_DS_ExecuteSQL(hDS, pszLayerDef, NULL, NULL);
    if (hLayer == NULL) {
      msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "ExecuteSQL() failed. Check server logs.",
                 "msOGRFileOpen()");
      if (strlen(CPLGetLastErrorMsg()) == 0)
        msDebug("ExecuteSQL(%s) failed.\n%s\n", pszLayerDef,
                CPLGetLastErrorMsg());
      RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
      msConnPoolRelease(layer, hDS);
      CPLFree(pszLayerDef);
      return NULL;
    }
    RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
    nLayerIndex = -1;
  }

  for (iLayer = 0; hLayer == NULL && iLayer < OGR_DS_GetLayerCount(hDS);
       iLayer++) {
    hLayer = OGR_DS_GetLayer(hDS, iLayer);
    if (hLayer != NULL && EQUAL(OGR_L_GetName(hLayer), pszLayerDef)) {
      nLayerIndex = iLayer;
      break;
    } else
      hLayer = NULL;
  }

  if (hLayer == NULL && (atoi(pszLayerDef) > 0 || EQUAL(pszLayerDef, "0"))) {
    nLayerIndex = atoi(pszLayerDef);
    if (nLayerIndex < OGR_DS_GetLayerCount(hDS))
      hLayer = OGR_DS_GetLayer(hDS, nLayerIndex);
  }

  if (hLayer == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "GetLayer(%s) failed for OGR connection. Check logs.",
               "msOGRFileOpen()", pszLayerDef);
    msDebug("GetLayer(%s) failed for OGR connection `%s'.\n", pszLayerDef,
            connection);
    CPLFree(pszLayerDef);
    msConnPoolRelease(layer, hDS);
    return NULL;
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * OK... open succeeded... alloc and fill msOGRFileInfo inside layer obj
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  msOGRFileInfo *psInfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)CPLCalloc(1, sizeof(msOGRFileInfo));

  psInfo->pszFname = CPLStrdup(OGR_DS_GetName(hDS));
  psInfo->pszLayerDef = pszLayerDef;
  psInfo->nLayerIndex = nLayerIndex;
  psInfo->hDS = hDS;
  psInfo->hLayer = hLayer;

  psInfo->nTileId = 0;
  msInitProjection(&(psInfo->sTileProj));
  msProjectionInheritContextFrom(&(psInfo->sTileProj), &(layer->projection));
  psInfo->poCurTile = NULL;
  psInfo->rect_is_defined = false;
  psInfo->rect.minx = psInfo->rect.maxx = 0;
  psInfo->rect.miny = psInfo->rect.maxy = 0;
  psInfo->last_record_index_read = -1;
  psInfo->dialect = NULL;

  psInfo->pszSelect = NULL;
  psInfo->pszSpatialFilterTableName = NULL;
  psInfo->pszSpatialFilterGeometryColumn = NULL;
  psInfo->pszMainTableName = NULL;
  psInfo->pszRowId = NULL;
  psInfo->bIsOKForSQLCompose = true;
  psInfo->bPaging = false;
  psInfo->bHasSpatialIndex = false;
  psInfo->pszTablePrefix = NULL;
  psInfo->pszWHERE = NULL;

  // GDAL 1.x API
  OGRSFDriverH dr = OGR_DS_GetDriver(hDS);
  const char *name = OGR_Dr_GetName(dr);
  if (strcmp(name, "SQLite") == 0) {
    bool have_spatialite = false;

    CPLPushErrorHandler(CPLQuietErrorHandler);

    // test for Spatialite support in driver
    const char *test_spatialite = "SELECT spatialite_version()";
    OGRLayerH l = OGR_DS_ExecuteSQL(hDS, test_spatialite, NULL, NULL);
    if (l) {
      OGR_DS_ReleaseResultSet(hDS, l);
      have_spatialite = true;
    }

    // test for Spatialite enabled db
    if (have_spatialite) {
      have_spatialite = false;
      const char *test_sql =
          "select 1 from sqlite_master where name = 'geometry_columns' and sql "
          "LIKE '%spatial_index_enabled%'";
      OGRLayerH l = OGR_DS_ExecuteSQL(hDS, test_sql, NULL, NULL);
      if (l) {
        if (OGR_L_GetFeatureCount(l, TRUE) == 1)
          have_spatialite = true;
        OGR_DS_ReleaseResultSet(hDS, l);
      }
    }

    CPLPopErrorHandler();
    CPLErrorReset();

    if (have_spatialite)
      psInfo->dialect = "Spatialite";
    else {
      if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_DEBUG) {
        msDebug(
            "msOGRFileOpen: Native SQL not available, no Spatialite support "
            "and/or not a Spatialite enabled db\n");
      }
    }
  } else if (strcmp(name, "PostgreSQL") == 0) {
    psInfo->dialect = "PostgreSQL";
    // todo: PostgreSQL not yet tested

  } else if (strcmp(name, "GPKG") == 0 && nLayerIndex >= 0 &&
             atoi(GDALVersionInfo("VERSION_NUM")) >= 2000000) {

    bool has_rtree = false;
    const char *test_rtree =
        CPLSPrintf("SELECT 1 FROM sqlite_master WHERE name = 'rtree_%s_%s'",
                   OGR_L_GetName(hLayer), OGR_L_GetGeometryColumn(hLayer));
    OGRLayerH l = OGR_DS_ExecuteSQL(hDS, test_rtree, NULL, NULL);
    if (l) {
      if (OGR_L_GetFeatureCount(l, TRUE) == 1) {
        has_rtree = true;
      }
      OGR_DS_ReleaseResultSet(hDS, l);
    }
    if (has_rtree) {
      bool have_gpkg_spatialite = false;

      CPLPushErrorHandler(CPLQuietErrorHandler);

      // test for Spatialite >= 4.3 support in driver
      const char *test_spatialite = "SELECT spatialite_version()";
      l = OGR_DS_ExecuteSQL(hDS, test_spatialite, NULL, NULL);
      if (l) {
        OGRFeatureH hFeat = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(l);
        if (hFeat) {
          const char *pszVersion = OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeat, 0);
          have_gpkg_spatialite = atof(pszVersion) >= 4.3;
          OGR_F_Destroy(hFeat);
        }
        OGR_DS_ReleaseResultSet(hDS, l);
      }
      CPLPopErrorHandler();
      CPLErrorReset();

      if (have_gpkg_spatialite) {
        psInfo->pszMainTableName = msStrdup(OGR_L_GetName(hLayer));
        psInfo->pszTablePrefix = msStrdup(psInfo->pszMainTableName);
        psInfo->pszSpatialFilterTableName = msStrdup(OGR_L_GetName(hLayer));
        psInfo->pszSpatialFilterGeometryColumn =
            msStrdup(OGR_L_GetGeometryColumn(hLayer));
        psInfo->dialect = "GPKG";
        psInfo->bPaging = true;
        psInfo->bHasSpatialIndex = true;
      } else if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_DEBUG) {
        msDebug("msOGRFileOpen: Spatialite support in GPKG not enabled\n");
      }
    } else {
      if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_DEBUG) {
        msDebug("msOGRFileOpen: RTree index not available\n");
      }
    }
  }

  if (psInfo->dialect != NULL && EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "Spatialite"))
    msOGRFileOpenSpatialite(layer, pszLayerDef, psInfo);

  return psInfo;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      msOGRFileOpenSpatialite()                       */
/************************************************************************/

static void msOGRFileOpenSpatialite(layerObj *layer, const char *pszLayerDef,
                                    msOGRFileInfo *psInfo) {
  // In the case of a SQLite DB, check that we can identify the
  // underlying table
  if (psInfo->nLayerIndex == -1) {
    psInfo->bIsOKForSQLCompose = false;

    const char *from = strstr(psInfo->pszLayerDef, " from ");
    if (from == NULL)
      from = strstr(psInfo->pszLayerDef, " FROM ");
    if (from) {
      const char *pszBeginningOfTable = from + strlen(" FROM ");
      const char *pszIter = pszBeginningOfTable;
      while (*pszIter && *pszIter != ' ')
        pszIter++;
      if (strchr(pszIter, ',') == NULL && strstr(pszIter, " where ") == NULL &&
          strstr(pszIter, " WHERE ") == NULL &&
          strstr(pszIter, " join ") == NULL &&
          strstr(pszIter, " JOIN ") == NULL &&
          strstr(pszIter, " order by ") == NULL &&
          strstr(pszIter, " ORDER BY ") == NULL) {
        psInfo->bIsOKForSQLCompose = true;
        psInfo->pszMainTableName = msStrdup(pszBeginningOfTable);
        psInfo->pszMainTableName[pszIter - pszBeginningOfTable] = '\0';
        psInfo->pszSpatialFilterTableName = msStrdup(psInfo->pszMainTableName);
        psInfo->pszSpatialFilterGeometryColumn =
            msStrdup(OGR_L_GetGeometryColumn(psInfo->hLayer));

        char *pszRequest = NULL;
        pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(pszRequest,
                                         "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE "
                                         "type = 'table' AND name = lower('");
        pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(pszRequest, psInfo->pszMainTableName);
        pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(pszRequest, "')");
        OGRLayerH hLayer =
            OGR_DS_ExecuteSQL(psInfo->hDS, pszRequest, NULL, NULL);
        msFree(pszRequest);

        if (hLayer) {
          OGRFeatureH hFeature = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hLayer);
          psInfo->bIsOKForSQLCompose = (hFeature != NULL);
          if (hFeature) {
            msFree(psInfo->pszMainTableName);
            msFree(psInfo->pszSpatialFilterTableName);
            psInfo->pszMainTableName =
                msStrdup(OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeature, 0));
            psInfo->pszSpatialFilterTableName =
                msStrdup(psInfo->pszMainTableName);
            OGR_F_Destroy(hFeature);
          }
          OGR_DS_ReleaseResultSet(psInfo->hDS, hLayer);
        }
        if (psInfo->bIsOKForSQLCompose) {
          psInfo->pszSelect = msStrdup(psInfo->pszLayerDef);
        } else {
          // Test if it is a spatial view
          pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(
              NULL, "SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, view_rowid FROM "
                    "views_geometry_columns WHERE view_name = lower('");
          pszRequest =
              msStringConcatenate(pszRequest, psInfo->pszMainTableName);
          pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(pszRequest, "')");
          CPLPushErrorHandler(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
          OGRLayerH hLayer =
              OGR_DS_ExecuteSQL(psInfo->hDS, pszRequest, NULL, NULL);
          CPLPopErrorHandler();
          msFree(pszRequest);

          if (hLayer) {
            OGRFeatureH hFeature = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hLayer);
            psInfo->bIsOKForSQLCompose = (hFeature != NULL);
            if (hFeature) {
              psInfo->pszSelect = msStrdup(psInfo->pszLayerDef);
              msFree(psInfo->pszSpatialFilterTableName);
              psInfo->pszSpatialFilterTableName =
                  msStrdup(OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeature, 0));
              CPLFree(psInfo->pszSpatialFilterGeometryColumn);
              psInfo->pszSpatialFilterGeometryColumn =
                  msStrdup(OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeature, 1));
              psInfo->pszRowId = msStrdup(OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeature, 2));
              OGR_F_Destroy(hFeature);
            }
            OGR_DS_ReleaseResultSet(psInfo->hDS, hLayer);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  } else {
    psInfo->bIsOKForSQLCompose = false;

    char *pszRequest = NULL;
    pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(
        pszRequest,
        "SELECT * FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'table' AND name = lower('");
    pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(
        pszRequest, OGR_FD_GetName(OGR_L_GetLayerDefn(psInfo->hLayer)));
    pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(pszRequest, "')");
    OGRLayerH hLayer = OGR_DS_ExecuteSQL(psInfo->hDS, pszRequest, NULL, NULL);
    msFree(pszRequest);

    if (hLayer) {
      OGRFeatureH hFeature = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hLayer);
      psInfo->bIsOKForSQLCompose = (hFeature != NULL);
      if (hFeature)
        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeature);
      OGR_DS_ReleaseResultSet(psInfo->hDS, hLayer);
    }
    if (psInfo->bIsOKForSQLCompose) {
      psInfo->pszMainTableName =
          msStrdup(OGR_FD_GetName(OGR_L_GetLayerDefn(psInfo->hLayer)));
      psInfo->pszSpatialFilterTableName = msStrdup(psInfo->pszMainTableName);
      psInfo->pszSpatialFilterGeometryColumn =
          msStrdup(OGR_L_GetGeometryColumn(psInfo->hLayer));
    } else {
      // Test if it is a spatial view
      pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(
          NULL, "SELECT f_table_name, f_geometry_column, view_rowid FROM "
                "views_geometry_columns WHERE view_name = lower('");
      pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(
          pszRequest, OGR_FD_GetName(OGR_L_GetLayerDefn(psInfo->hLayer)));
      pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(pszRequest, "')");
      CPLPushErrorHandler(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
      OGRLayerH hLayer = OGR_DS_ExecuteSQL(psInfo->hDS, pszRequest, NULL, NULL);
      CPLPopErrorHandler();
      msFree(pszRequest);

      if (hLayer) {
        OGRFeatureH hFeature = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hLayer);
        psInfo->bIsOKForSQLCompose = (hFeature != NULL);
        if (hFeature) {
          psInfo->pszMainTableName =
              msStrdup(OGR_FD_GetName(OGR_L_GetLayerDefn(psInfo->hLayer)));
          psInfo->pszSpatialFilterTableName =
              msStrdup(OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeature, 0));
          psInfo->pszSpatialFilterGeometryColumn =
              msStrdup(OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeature, 1));
          psInfo->pszRowId = msStrdup(OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeature, 2));
          OGR_F_Destroy(hFeature);
        }
        OGR_DS_ReleaseResultSet(psInfo->hDS, hLayer);
      }
    }
  }

  // in the case we cannot handle the native string, go back to the client
  // side evaluation by unsetting it.
  if (!psInfo->bIsOKForSQLCompose && psInfo->dialect != NULL) {
    if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV) {
      msDebug("msOGRFileOpen(): Falling back to MapServer only evaluation\n");
    }
    psInfo->dialect = NULL;
  }

  // Check if spatial index has been disabled (testing purposes)
  if (msLayerGetProcessingKey(layer, "USE_SPATIAL_INDEX") != NULL &&
      !CSLTestBoolean(msLayerGetProcessingKey(layer, "USE_SPATIAL_INDEX"))) {
    if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV) {
      msDebug("msOGRFileOpen(): Layer %s has spatial index disabled by "
              "processing option\n",
              pszLayerDef);
    }
  }
  // Test if spatial index is available
  else if (psInfo->dialect != NULL) {
    char *pszRequest = NULL;
    pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(
        pszRequest,
        "SELECT * FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'table' AND name = 'idx_");
    pszRequest =
        msStringConcatenate(pszRequest, psInfo->pszSpatialFilterTableName);
    pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(pszRequest, "_");
    pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(pszRequest,
                                     OGR_L_GetGeometryColumn(psInfo->hLayer));
    pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(pszRequest, "'");

    psInfo->bHasSpatialIndex = false;
    // msDebug("msOGRFileOpen(): %s", pszRequest);

    OGRLayerH hLayer = OGR_DS_ExecuteSQL(psInfo->hDS, pszRequest, NULL, NULL);
    if (hLayer) {
      OGRFeatureH hFeature = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hLayer);
      if (hFeature) {
        psInfo->bHasSpatialIndex = true;
        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeature);
      }
      OGR_DS_ReleaseResultSet(psInfo->hDS, hLayer);
    }
    msFree(pszRequest);
    pszRequest = NULL;

    if (!psInfo->bHasSpatialIndex) {
      if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV) {
        msDebug("msOGRFileOpen(): Layer %s has no spatial index table\n",
                pszLayerDef);
      }
    } else {
      pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(
          pszRequest,
          "SELECT * FROM geometry_columns WHERE f_table_name = lower('");
      pszRequest =
          msStringConcatenate(pszRequest, psInfo->pszSpatialFilterTableName);
      pszRequest =
          msStringConcatenate(pszRequest, "') AND f_geometry_column = lower('");
      pszRequest = msStringConcatenate(pszRequest,
                                       psInfo->pszSpatialFilterGeometryColumn);
      pszRequest =
          msStringConcatenate(pszRequest, "') AND spatial_index_enabled = 1");

      psInfo->bHasSpatialIndex = false;

      OGRLayerH hLayer = OGR_DS_ExecuteSQL(psInfo->hDS, pszRequest, NULL, NULL);
      if (hLayer) {
        OGRFeatureH hFeature = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(hLayer);
        if (hFeature) {
          psInfo->bHasSpatialIndex = true;
          OGR_F_Destroy(hFeature);
        }
        OGR_DS_ReleaseResultSet(psInfo->hDS, hLayer);
      }
      msFree(pszRequest);
      pszRequest = NULL;

      if (!psInfo->bHasSpatialIndex) {
        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV) {
          msDebug("msOGRFileOpen(): Layer %s has spatial index disabled\n",
                  pszLayerDef);
        }
      } else {
        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV) {
          msDebug("msOGRFileOpen(): Layer %s has spatial index enabled\n",
                  pszLayerDef);
        }

        psInfo->pszTablePrefix = msStrdup(psInfo->pszMainTableName);
      }
    }
  }

  psInfo->bPaging = (psInfo->dialect != NULL);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        msOGRCloseConnection()                        */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Callback for thread pool to actually release an OGR             */
/*      connection.                                                     */
/************************************************************************/

static void msOGRCloseConnection(void *conn_handle)

{
  OGRDataSourceH hDS = (OGRDataSourceH)conn_handle;

  ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
  OGR_DS_Destroy(hDS);
  RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRFileClose()
 **********************************************************************/
static int msOGRFileClose(layerObj *layer, msOGRFileInfo *psInfo) {
  if (!psInfo)
    return MS_SUCCESS;

  if (layer->debug)
    msDebug("msOGRFileClose(%s,%d).\n", psInfo->pszFname, psInfo->nLayerIndex);

  CPLFree(psInfo->pszFname);
  CPLFree(psInfo->pszLayerDef);

  ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
  if (psInfo->hLastFeature)
    OGR_F_Destroy(psInfo->hLastFeature);

  /* If nLayerIndex == -1 then the layer is an SQL result ... free it */
  if (psInfo->nLayerIndex == -1)
    OGR_DS_ReleaseResultSet(psInfo->hDS, psInfo->hLayer);

  // Release (potentially close) the datasource connection.
  // Make sure we aren't holding the lock when the callback may need it.
  RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
  msConnPoolRelease(layer, psInfo->hDS);

  // Free current tile if there is one.
  if (psInfo->poCurTile != NULL)
    msOGRFileClose(layer, psInfo->poCurTile);

  msFreeProjection(&(psInfo->sTileProj));
  msFree(psInfo->pszSelect);
  msFree(psInfo->pszSpatialFilterTableName);
  msFree(psInfo->pszSpatialFilterGeometryColumn);
  msFree(psInfo->pszMainTableName);
  msFree(psInfo->pszRowId);
  msFree(psInfo->pszTablePrefix);
  msFree(psInfo->pszWHERE);

  CPLFree(psInfo);

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           msOGREscapeSQLParam                        */
/************************************************************************/
static char *msOGREscapeSQLParam(layerObj *layer, const char *pszString) {
  char *pszEscapedStr = NULL;
  if (layer && pszString) {
    char *pszEscapedOGRStr =
        CPLEscapeString(pszString, strlen(pszString), CPLES_SQL);
    pszEscapedStr = msStrdup(pszEscapedOGRStr);
    CPLFree(pszEscapedOGRStr);
  }
  return pszEscapedStr;
}

// http://www.sqlite.org/lang_expr.html
// http://www.gaia-gis.it/gaia-sins/spatialite-sql-4.3.0.html

static char *msOGRGetQuotedItem(layerObj *layer, const char *pszItem) {
  msOGRFileInfo *psInfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;
  char *ret = NULL;
  char *escapedItem = msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, pszItem);
  if (psInfo->pszTablePrefix) {
    char *escapedTable =
        msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, psInfo->pszTablePrefix);
    ret = msStringConcatenate(ret, "\"");
    ret = msStringConcatenate(ret, escapedTable);
    ret = msStringConcatenate(ret, "\".\"");
    ret = msStringConcatenate(ret, escapedItem);
    ret = msStringConcatenate(ret, "\"");
    msFree(escapedTable);
  } else {
    ret = msStringConcatenate(ret, "\"");
    ret = msStringConcatenate(ret, escapedItem);
    ret = msStringConcatenate(ret, "\"");
  }
  msFree(escapedItem);
  return ret;
}

static char *msOGRGetToken(layerObj *layer, tokenListNodeObjPtr *node) {
  msOGRFileInfo *info = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;
  tokenListNodeObjPtr n = *node;
  if (!n)
    return NULL;
  char *out = NULL;
  size_t nOutSize;

  switch (n->token) {
  case MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_AND:
    out = msStrdup(" AND ");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_OR:
    out = msStrdup(" OR ");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_NOT:
    out = msStrdup(" NOT ");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_NUMBER:
    nOutSize = 32;
    out = (char *)msSmallMalloc(nOutSize);
    snprintf(out, nOutSize, "%.18g", n->tokenval.dblval);
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_STRING: {
    char *stresc = msOGREscapeSQLParam(layer, n->tokenval.strval);
    nOutSize = strlen(stresc) + 3;
    out = (char *)msSmallMalloc(nOutSize);
    snprintf(out, nOutSize, "'%s'", stresc);
    msFree(stresc);
    break;
  }
  case MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_TIME:
    // seems to require METADATA gml_types => auto
    nOutSize = 80;
    out = (char *)msSmallMalloc(nOutSize);
#if 0
        // FIXME? or perhaps just remove me. tm_zone is not supported on Windows, and not used anywhere else in the code base
        if (n->tokenval.tmval.tm_zone)
            snprintf(out, nOutSize, "'%d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d%s'",
                     n->tokenval.tmval.tm_year+1900, n->tokenval.tmval.tm_mon+1, n->tokenval.tmval.tm_mday,
                     n->tokenval.tmval.tm_hour, n->tokenval.tmval.tm_min, n->tokenval.tmval.tm_sec,
                     n->tokenval.tmval.tm_zone);
        else
#endif
    snprintf(out, nOutSize, "'%d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d'",
             n->tokenval.tmval.tm_year + 1900, n->tokenval.tmval.tm_mon + 1,
             n->tokenval.tmval.tm_mday, n->tokenval.tmval.tm_hour,
             n->tokenval.tmval.tm_min, n->tokenval.tmval.tm_sec);
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_SHAPE: {
    // assumed to be in right srs after FLTGetSpatialComparisonCommonExpression
    char *wkt = msShapeToWKT(n->tokenval.shpval);
    char *stresc = msOGRGetQuotedItem(
        layer, OGR_L_GetGeometryColumn(info->hLayer)); // which geom field??
    nOutSize = strlen(wkt) + strlen(stresc) + 35;
    out = (char *)msSmallMalloc(nOutSize);
    snprintf(out, nOutSize, "ST_GeomFromText('%s',ST_SRID(%s))", wkt, stresc);
    msFree(wkt);
    msFree(stresc);
    break;
  }
  case MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_BOOLEAN:
    out = msStrdup(n->tokenval.dblval == 0 ? "FALSE" : "TRUE");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_EQ:
    if (n->next != NULL && n->next->token == MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_STRING &&
        strcmp(n->next->tokenval.strval, "_MAPSERVER_NULL_") == 0) {
      out = msStrdup(" IS NULL");
      n = n->next;
      break;
    }

    out = msStrdup(" = ");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_NE:
    out = msStrdup(" != ");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_GT:
    out = msStrdup(" > ");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_LT:
    out = msStrdup(" < ");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_LE:
    out = msStrdup(" <= ");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_GE:
    out = msStrdup(" >= ");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_IEQ:
    out = msStrdup(" = ");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_IN:
    out = msStrdup(" IN ");
    break;
  // the origin may be mapfile (complex regexes, layer->map.query.filter.string
  // == NULL, regex may have //) or OGC Filter (simple patterns only,
  // layer->map.query.filter.string != NULL)
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_RE:
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_IRE: {
    int case_sensitive = n->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_RE;
    // in PostgreSQL and OGR: LIKE (case sensitive) and ILIKE (case insensitive)
    // in SQLite: LIKE (case insensitive) and GLOB (case sensitive)
    const char *op = case_sensitive ? "LIKE" : "ILIKE";
    char wild_any = '%';
    char wild_one = '_';

    if (EQUAL(info->dialect, "Spatialite") || EQUAL(info->dialect, "GPKG")) {
      if (case_sensitive) {
        op = "GLOB";
        wild_any = '*';
        wild_one = '?';
      } else {
        op = "LIKE";
      }
    }

    n = n->next;
    if (n->token != MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_STRING)
      return NULL;

    char *regex = msStrdup(n->tokenval.strval);
    int complex_regex = *n->tokenval.strval ==
                        '/'; // could be non-complex but that is soo corner case

    // PostgreSQL has POSIX regexes, SQLite does not by default, OGR does not
    if (complex_regex) {
      if (!EQUAL(info->dialect, "PostgreSQL")) {
        msFree(regex);
        return NULL;
      }
      // remove //
      regex++;
      regex[strlen(regex) - 1] = '\0';
      if (case_sensitive)
        op = "~";
      else
        op = "~*";
    }

    const size_t regex_len = strlen(regex);
    char *re = (char *)msSmallMalloc(2 * regex_len + 3);
    size_t i = 0, j = 0;
    re[j++] = '\'';
    while (i < regex_len) {
      char c = regex[i];
      char c_next = regex[i + 1];

      if (c == '.' && c_next == '*') {
        i++;
        c = wild_any;
      } else if (c == '.')
        c = wild_one;
      else if (i == 0 && c == '^') {
        i++;
        continue;
      } else if (c == '$' && c_next == 0) {
        break;
      } else if (c == '\'') {
        re[j++] = '\'';
      } else if (c == '\\') {
        if (c_next == 0) {
          break;
        }
        i++;
        c = c_next;
      }

      re[j++] = c;
      i++;
    }
    re[j++] = '\'';
    re[j] = '\0';

    nOutSize = 1 + strlen(op) + 1 + strlen(re) + 1;
    out = (char *)msSmallMalloc(nOutSize);
    snprintf(out, nOutSize, " %s %s", op, re);
    msFree(re);
    msFree(regex);
    break;
  }
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_INTERSECTS:
    out = msStrdup("ST_Intersects");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_DISJOINT:
    out = msStrdup("ST_Disjoint");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_TOUCHES:
    out = msStrdup("ST_Touches");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_OVERLAPS:
    out = msStrdup("ST_Overlaps");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_CROSSES:
    out = msStrdup("ST_Crosses");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_WITHIN:
    out = msStrdup("ST_Within");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_DWITHIN:
    out = msStrdup("ST_Distance");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_BEYOND:
    out = msStrdup("ST_Distance");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_CONTAINS:
    out = msStrdup("ST_Contains");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_EQUALS:
    out = msStrdup("ST_Equals");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_LENGTH:
    out = msStrdup("ST_Length");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_AREA:
    out = msStrdup("ST_Area");
    break;
  case MS_TOKEN_BINDING_DOUBLE: {
    char *stresc = msOGRGetQuotedItem(layer, n->tokenval.bindval.item);
    nOutSize = strlen(stresc) + +30;
    out = (char *)msSmallMalloc(nOutSize);

    bool bIsNumeric = msLayerPropertyIsNumeric(layer, n->tokenval.bindval.item);
    // Do not cast if the variable is of the appropriate type as it can
    // prevent using database indexes, such as for SQlite
    if (bIsNumeric) {
      snprintf(out, nOutSize, "%s", stresc);
    } else {
      const char *SQLtype = "float(16)";
      if (EQUAL(info->dialect, "Spatialite") || EQUAL(info->dialect, "GPKG"))
        SQLtype = "REAL";
      else if (EQUAL(info->dialect, "PostgreSQL"))
        SQLtype = "double precision";
      snprintf(out, nOutSize, "CAST(%s AS %s)", stresc, SQLtype);
    }
    msFree(stresc);
    break;
  }
  case MS_TOKEN_BINDING_INTEGER: {
    char *stresc = msOGRGetQuotedItem(layer, n->tokenval.bindval.item);
    nOutSize = strlen(stresc) + 20;
    out = (char *)msSmallMalloc(nOutSize);

    bool bIsNumeric = msLayerPropertyIsNumeric(layer, n->tokenval.bindval.item);
    // Do not cast if the variable is of the appropriate type as it can
    // prevent using database indexes, such as for SQlite
    if (bIsNumeric) {
      snprintf(out, nOutSize, "%s", stresc);
    } else {
      snprintf(out, nOutSize, "CAST(%s AS integer)", stresc);
    }
    msFree(stresc);
    break;
  }
  case MS_TOKEN_BINDING_STRING: {
    char *stresc = msOGRGetQuotedItem(layer, n->tokenval.bindval.item);
    nOutSize = strlen(stresc) + 30;
    out = (char *)msSmallMalloc(nOutSize);

    bool bIsCharacter =
        msLayerPropertyIsCharacter(layer, n->tokenval.bindval.item);
    // Do not cast if the variable is of the appropriate type as it can
    // prevent using database indexes, such as for SQlite
    if (bIsCharacter) {
      snprintf(out, nOutSize, "%s", stresc);
    } else {
      snprintf(out, nOutSize, "CAST(%s AS text)", stresc);
    }
    msFree(stresc);
    break;
  }
  case MS_TOKEN_BINDING_TIME: {
    // won't get here unless col is parsed as time and they are not
    char *stresc = msOGRGetQuotedItem(layer, n->tokenval.bindval.item);
    nOutSize = strlen(stresc) + 10;
    out = (char *)msSmallMalloc(nOutSize);
    snprintf(out, nOutSize, "%s", stresc);
    msFree(stresc);
    break;
  }
  case MS_TOKEN_BINDING_SHAPE: {
    char *stresc = msOGRGetQuotedItem(
        layer, OGR_L_GetGeometryColumn(info->hLayer)); // which geom field??
    nOutSize = strlen(stresc) + 10;
    out = (char *)msSmallMalloc(nOutSize);
    snprintf(out, nOutSize, "%s", stresc);
    msFree(stresc);
    break;
  }

    // unhandled below until default

  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_TOSTRING:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_COMMIFY:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_ROUND:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_FROMTEXT:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_BUFFER:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_DIFFERENCE:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_SIMPLIFY:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_SIMPLIFYPT:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_GENERALIZE:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_SMOOTHSIA:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_JAVASCRIPT:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_UPPER:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_LOWER:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_INITCAP:
  case MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_FIRSTCAP:
  case MS_TOKEN_BINDING_MAP_CELLSIZE:
  case MS_TOKEN_BINDING_DATA_CELLSIZE:
  case MS_PARSE_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
  case MS_PARSE_TYPE_STRING:
  case MS_PARSE_TYPE_SHAPE:
    break;

  default:
    if (n->token < 128) {
      char c = n->token;
      const size_t nSize = 2;
      out = (char *)msSmallMalloc(nSize);
      snprintf(out, nSize, "%c", c);
    }
    break;
  }

  n = n->next;
  *node = n;
  return out;
}

/*
 * msOGRLayerBuildSQLOrderBy()
 *
 * Returns the content of a SQL ORDER BY clause from the sortBy member of
 * the layer. The string does not contain the "ORDER BY" keywords itself.
 */
static char *msOGRLayerBuildSQLOrderBy(layerObj *layer, msOGRFileInfo *psInfo) {
  char *strOrderBy = NULL;
  if (layer->sortBy.nProperties > 0) {
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < layer->sortBy.nProperties; i++) {
      if (i > 0)
        strOrderBy = msStringConcatenate(strOrderBy, ", ");
      char *escapedItem =
          msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, layer->sortBy.properties[i].item);
      if (psInfo->pszTablePrefix) {
        char *escapedTable =
            msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, psInfo->pszTablePrefix);
        strOrderBy = msStringConcatenate(strOrderBy, "\"");
        strOrderBy = msStringConcatenate(strOrderBy, escapedTable);
        strOrderBy = msStringConcatenate(strOrderBy, "\".\"");
        strOrderBy = msStringConcatenate(strOrderBy, escapedItem);
        strOrderBy = msStringConcatenate(strOrderBy, "\"");
        msFree(escapedTable);
      } else {
        strOrderBy = msStringConcatenate(strOrderBy, "\"");
        strOrderBy = msStringConcatenate(strOrderBy, escapedItem);
        strOrderBy = msStringConcatenate(strOrderBy, "\"");
      }
      msFree(escapedItem);
      if (layer->sortBy.properties[i].sortOrder == SORT_DESC)
        strOrderBy = msStringConcatenate(strOrderBy, " DESC");
    }
  }
  return strOrderBy;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRFileWhichShapes()
 *
 * Init OGR layer structs ready for calls to msOGRFileNextShape().
 *
 * Returns MS_SUCCESS/MS_FAILURE, or MS_DONE if no shape matching the
 * layer's FILTER overlaps the selected region.
 **********************************************************************/
static int msOGRFileWhichShapes(layerObj *layer, rectObj rect,
                                msOGRFileInfo *psInfo) {
  // rect is from BBOX parameter in query (In lieu of a FEATUREID or FILTER) or
  // mapfile somehow
  if (psInfo == NULL || psInfo->hLayer == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR, "Assertion failed: OGR layer not opened!!!",
               "msOGRFileWhichShapes()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  char *select = (psInfo->pszSelect) ? msStrdup(psInfo->pszSelect) : NULL;
  const rectObj rectInvalid = MS_INIT_INVALID_RECT;
  bool bIsValidRect = memcmp(&rect, &rectInvalid, sizeof(rect)) != 0;

  // we'll go strictly two possible ways:
  // 1) GetLayer + SetFilter
  // 2) ExecuteSQL (psInfo->hLayer is an SQL result OR sortBy was requested OR
  // have native_string and start from the second

  if (psInfo->bIsOKForSQLCompose &&
      (psInfo->nLayerIndex == -1 || layer->sortBy.nProperties > 0 ||
       layer->filter.native_string ||
       (psInfo->bPaging && layer->maxfeatures > 0))) {

    const bool bHasGeometry = OGR_L_GetGeomType(psInfo->hLayer) != wkbNone;

    if (psInfo->nLayerIndex == -1 && select == NULL) {
      select = msStrdup(psInfo->pszLayerDef);
      /* If nLayerIndex == -1 then the layer is an SQL result ... free it */
      OGR_DS_ReleaseResultSet(psInfo->hDS, psInfo->hLayer);
      psInfo->hLayer = NULL;
    } else if (select == NULL) {
      const char *pszGeometryColumn;
      int i;
      select = msStringConcatenate(select, "SELECT ");
      for (i = 0; i < layer->numitems; i++) {
        if (i > 0)
          select = msStringConcatenate(select, ", ");
        char *escaped = msOGRGetQuotedItem(layer, layer->items[i]);
        select = msStringConcatenate(select, escaped);
        msFree(escaped);
        if (psInfo->pszTablePrefix) {
          select = msStringConcatenate(select, " AS \"");
          escaped = msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, layer->items[i]);
          select = msStringConcatenate(select, escaped);
          msFree(escaped);
          select = msStringConcatenate(select, "\"");
        }
      }
      if (layer->numitems > 0)
        select = msStringConcatenate(select, ", ");
      pszGeometryColumn = OGR_L_GetGeometryColumn(psInfo->hLayer);
      if (pszGeometryColumn != NULL && pszGeometryColumn[0] != '\0') {
        char *escaped = msOGRGetQuotedItem(layer, pszGeometryColumn);
        select = msStringConcatenate(select, escaped);
        msFree(escaped);
        if (psInfo->pszTablePrefix) {
          select = msStringConcatenate(select, " AS \"");
          escaped = msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, pszGeometryColumn);
          select = msStringConcatenate(select, escaped);
          msFree(escaped);
          select = msStringConcatenate(select, "\"");
        }
      } else {
        /* Add ", *" so that we still have an hope to get the geometry */
        if (psInfo->pszTablePrefix) {
          select = msStringConcatenate(select, "\"");
          char *escaped =
              msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, psInfo->pszTablePrefix);
          select = msStringConcatenate(select, escaped);
          msFree(escaped);
          select = msStringConcatenate(select, "\".");
        }
        select = msStringConcatenate(select, "*");
      }
      select = msStringConcatenate(select, " FROM ");
      if (psInfo->nLayerIndex == -1) {
        select = msStringConcatenate(select, "(");
        select = msStringConcatenate(select, psInfo->pszLayerDef);
        select = msStringConcatenate(select, ") MSSUBSELECT");
      } else {
        select = msStringConcatenate(select, "\"");
        char *escaped = msLayerEscapePropertyName(
            layer, OGR_FD_GetName(OGR_L_GetLayerDefn(psInfo->hLayer)));
        select = msStringConcatenate(select, escaped);
        msFree(escaped);
        select = msStringConcatenate(select, "\"");
      }
    }

    char *filter = NULL;
    if (msLayerGetProcessingKey(layer, "NATIVE_FILTER") != NULL) {
      filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "(");
      filter = msStringConcatenate(
          filter, msLayerGetProcessingKey(layer, "NATIVE_FILTER"));
      filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, ")");
    }

    /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
     * Set Spatial filter... this may result in no features being returned
     * if layer does not overlap current view.
     *
     * __TODO__ We should return MS_DONE if no shape overlaps the selected
     * region and matches the layer's FILTER expression, but there is currently
     * no _efficient_ way to do that with OGR.
     * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
    if (psInfo->rect_is_defined) {
      rect.minx = MAX(psInfo->rect.minx, rect.minx);
      rect.miny = MAX(psInfo->rect.miny, rect.miny);
      rect.maxx = MIN(psInfo->rect.maxx, rect.maxx);
      rect.maxy = MIN(psInfo->rect.maxy, rect.maxy);
      bIsValidRect = true;
    }
    psInfo->rect = rect;

    bool bSpatialiteOrGPKGAddOrderByFID = false;

    const char *sql = layer->filter.native_string;
    if (psInfo->dialect && sql && *sql != '\0' &&
        (EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "Spatialite") ||
         EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "GPKG") ||
         EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "PostgreSQL"))) {
      if (filter)
        filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, " AND ");
      filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "(");
      filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, sql);
      filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, ")");
    } else if (psInfo->pszWHERE) {
      if (filter)
        filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, " AND ");
      filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "(");
      filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, psInfo->pszWHERE);
      filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, ")");
    }

    // use spatial index
    if (psInfo->dialect && bIsValidRect) {
      if (EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "PostgreSQL")) {
        if (filter)
          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, " AND");
        const char *col =
            OGR_L_GetGeometryColumn(psInfo->hLayer); // which geom field??
        filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, " (\"");
        char *escaped = msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, col);
        filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, escaped);
        msFree(escaped);
        filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "\" && ST_MakeEnvelope(");
        char *points = (char *)msSmallMalloc(30 * 2 * 5);
        snprintf(points, 30 * 4, "%lf,%lf,%lf,%lf", rect.minx, rect.miny,
                 rect.maxx, rect.maxy);
        filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, points);
        msFree(points);
        filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "))");
      } else if (psInfo->dialect &&
                 (EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "Spatialite") ||
                  EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "GPKG")) &&
                 psInfo->pszMainTableName != NULL) {
        if ((EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "Spatialite") &&
             psInfo->bHasSpatialIndex) ||
            EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "GPKG")) {
          if (filter)
            filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, " AND ");
          char *pszEscapedMainTableName =
              msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, psInfo->pszMainTableName);
          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "\"");
          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, pszEscapedMainTableName);
          msFree(pszEscapedMainTableName);
          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "\".");
          if (psInfo->pszRowId) {
            char *pszEscapedRowId =
                msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, psInfo->pszRowId);
            filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "\"");
            filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, pszEscapedRowId);
            filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "\"");
            msFree(pszEscapedRowId);
          } else
            filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "ROWID");

          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, " IN ");
          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "(");
          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "SELECT ");

          if (EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "Spatialite"))
            filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "ms_spat_idx.pkid");
          else
            filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "ms_spat_idx.id");

          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, " FROM ");

          char szSpatialIndexName[256];
          snprintf(szSpatialIndexName, sizeof(szSpatialIndexName), "%s_%s_%s",
                   EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "Spatialite") ? "idx" : "rtree",
                   psInfo->pszSpatialFilterTableName,
                   psInfo->pszSpatialFilterGeometryColumn);
          char *pszEscapedSpatialIndexName =
              msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, szSpatialIndexName);

          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "\"");
          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, pszEscapedSpatialIndexName);
          msFree(pszEscapedSpatialIndexName);

          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "\" ms_spat_idx WHERE ");

          char szCond[256];
          if (EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "Spatialite")) {
            snprintf(
                szCond, sizeof(szCond),
                "ms_spat_idx.xmin <= %.15g AND ms_spat_idx.xmax >= %.15g AND "
                "ms_spat_idx.ymin <= %.15g AND ms_spat_idx.ymax >= %.15g",
                rect.maxx, rect.minx, rect.maxy, rect.miny);
          } else {
            snprintf(
                szCond, sizeof(szCond),
                "ms_spat_idx.minx <= %.15g AND ms_spat_idx.maxx >= %.15g AND "
                "ms_spat_idx.miny <= %.15g AND ms_spat_idx.maxy >= %.15g",
                rect.maxx, rect.minx, rect.maxy, rect.miny);
          }
          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, szCond);

          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, ")");

          bSpatialiteOrGPKGAddOrderByFID = true;
        }

        const bool isGPKG = EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "GPKG");
        if (filter)
          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, " AND");
        const char *col =
            OGR_L_GetGeometryColumn(psInfo->hLayer); // which geom field??
        filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, " Intersects(");
        if (isGPKG) {
          // Casting GeoPackage geometries to spatialie ones is done
          // automatically normally, since GDAL enables the
          // "amphibious" mode, but without it
          // explicitly specified, spatialite 4.3.0a does an
          // out-of-bounds access.
          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "GeomFromGPB(");
        }
        filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "\"");
        char *escaped = msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, col);
        filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, escaped);
        msFree(escaped);
        filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "\"");
        if (isGPKG)
          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, ")");
        char *points = (char *)msSmallMalloc(30 * 2 * 5);
        if (rect.minx == rect.maxx && rect.miny == rect.maxy) {
          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, ",  ST_GeomFromText(");
          snprintf(points, 30 * 4, "'POINT(%lf %lf)'", rect.minx, rect.miny);
        } else {
          filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, ", BuildMbr(");
          snprintf(points, 30 * 4, "%lf,%lf,%lf,%lf", rect.minx, rect.miny,
                   rect.maxx, rect.maxy);
        }
        filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, points);
        msFree(points);
        filter = msStringConcatenate(filter, "))");
      }
    }

    /* get sortBy */
    char *sort = NULL;
    if (layer->sortBy.nProperties > 0) {

      char *strOrderBy = msOGRLayerBuildSQLOrderBy(layer, psInfo);
      if (strOrderBy) {
        if (psInfo->nLayerIndex == -1) {
          if (strcasestr(psInfo->pszLayerDef, " ORDER BY ") == NULL)
            sort = msStringConcatenate(sort, " ORDER BY ");
          else
            sort = msStringConcatenate(sort, ", ");
        } else {
          sort = msStringConcatenate(sort, " ORDER BY ");
        }
        sort = msStringConcatenate(sort, strOrderBy);
        msFree(strOrderBy);
      }
    }

    if (bSpatialiteOrGPKGAddOrderByFID) {
      if (sort == NULL)
        sort = msStringConcatenate(NULL, " ORDER BY ");
      else
        sort = msStringConcatenate(sort, ", ");
      char *pszEscapedMainTableName =
          msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, psInfo->pszMainTableName);
      sort = msStringConcatenate(sort, "\"");
      sort = msStringConcatenate(sort, pszEscapedMainTableName);
      sort = msStringConcatenate(sort, "\".");
      msFree(pszEscapedMainTableName);
      if (psInfo->pszRowId) {
        char *pszEscapedRowId =
            msLayerEscapePropertyName(layer, psInfo->pszRowId);
        sort = msStringConcatenate(sort, "\"");
        sort = msStringConcatenate(sort, pszEscapedRowId);
        sort = msStringConcatenate(sort, "\"");
        msFree(pszEscapedRowId);
      } else
        sort = msStringConcatenate(sort, "ROWID");
    }

    // compose SQL
    if (filter) {
      select = msStringConcatenate(select, " WHERE ");
      select = msStringConcatenate(select, filter);
      msFree(filter);
    }
    if (sort) {
      select = msStringConcatenate(select, " ");
      select = msStringConcatenate(select, sort);
      msFree(sort);
    }

    if (psInfo->bPaging && layer->maxfeatures >= 0) {
      char szLimit[50];
      snprintf(szLimit, sizeof(szLimit), " LIMIT %d", layer->maxfeatures);
      select = msStringConcatenate(select, szLimit);
    }

    if (psInfo->bPaging && layer->startindex > 0) {
      char szOffset[50];
      snprintf(szOffset, sizeof(szOffset), " OFFSET %d", layer->startindex - 1);
      select = msStringConcatenate(select, szOffset);
    }

    if (layer->debug)
      msDebug("msOGRFileWhichShapes: SQL = %s.\n", select);

    ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
    if (psInfo->nLayerIndex == -1 && psInfo->hLayer != NULL) {
      OGR_DS_ReleaseResultSet(psInfo->hDS, psInfo->hLayer);
    }

    OGRGeometryH hGeom = NULL;
    if (psInfo->dialect == NULL && bHasGeometry && bIsValidRect) {
      if (rect.minx == rect.maxx && rect.miny == rect.maxy) {
        hGeom = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbPoint);
        OGR_G_SetPoint_2D(hGeom, 0, rect.minx, rect.miny);
      } else if (rect.minx == rect.maxx || rect.miny == rect.maxy) {
        hGeom = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbLineString);
        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hGeom, rect.minx, rect.miny);
        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hGeom, rect.maxx, rect.maxy);
      } else {
        hGeom = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbPolygon);
        OGRGeometryH hRing = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbLinearRing);

        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hRing, rect.minx, rect.miny);
        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hRing, rect.maxx, rect.miny);
        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hRing, rect.maxx, rect.maxy);
        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hRing, rect.minx, rect.maxy);
        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hRing, rect.minx, rect.miny);
        OGR_G_AddGeometryDirectly(hGeom, hRing);
      }

      if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV) {
        msDebug("msOGRFileWhichShapes: Setting spatial filter to %.15g %.15g "
                "%.15g %.15g\n",
                rect.minx, rect.miny, rect.maxx, rect.maxy);
      }
    }

    psInfo->hLayer = OGR_DS_ExecuteSQL(psInfo->hDS, select, hGeom, NULL);
    psInfo->nLayerIndex = -1;
    if (hGeom != NULL)
      OGR_G_DestroyGeometry(hGeom);

    if (psInfo->hLayer == NULL) {
      RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
      msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "ExecuteSQL() failed. Check logs.",
                 "msOGRFileWhichShapes()");
      msDebug("ExecuteSQL(%s) failed.\n%s\n", select, CPLGetLastErrorMsg());
      msFree(select);
      return MS_FAILURE;
    }

    // Update itemindexes / layer->iteminfo
    msOGRLayerInitItemInfo(layer);
  } else {

    // case of 1) GetLayer + SetFilter

    char *pszOGRFilter = NULL;
    if (msLayerGetProcessingKey(layer, "NATIVE_FILTER") != NULL) {
      pszOGRFilter = msStringConcatenate(pszOGRFilter, "(");
      pszOGRFilter = msStringConcatenate(
          pszOGRFilter, msLayerGetProcessingKey(layer, "NATIVE_FILTER"));
      pszOGRFilter = msStringConcatenate(pszOGRFilter, ")");
    }

    if (psInfo->pszWHERE) {
      if (pszOGRFilter) {
        pszOGRFilter = msStringConcatenate(pszOGRFilter, " AND (");
        pszOGRFilter = msStringConcatenate(pszOGRFilter, psInfo->pszWHERE);
        pszOGRFilter = msStringConcatenate(pszOGRFilter, ")");
      } else {
        pszOGRFilter = msStringConcatenate(pszOGRFilter, psInfo->pszWHERE);
      }
    }

    ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;

    if (OGR_L_GetGeomType(psInfo->hLayer) != wkbNone && bIsValidRect) {
      if (rect.minx == rect.maxx && rect.miny == rect.maxy) {
        OGRGeometryH hSpatialFilterPoint = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbPoint);

        OGR_G_SetPoint_2D(hSpatialFilterPoint, 0, rect.minx, rect.miny);
        OGR_L_SetSpatialFilter(psInfo->hLayer, hSpatialFilterPoint);
        OGR_G_DestroyGeometry(hSpatialFilterPoint);
      } else if (rect.minx == rect.maxx || rect.miny == rect.maxy) {
        OGRGeometryH hSpatialFilterLine = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbLineString);

        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hSpatialFilterLine, rect.minx, rect.miny);
        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hSpatialFilterLine, rect.maxx, rect.maxy);
        OGR_L_SetSpatialFilter(psInfo->hLayer, hSpatialFilterLine);
        OGR_G_DestroyGeometry(hSpatialFilterLine);
      } else {
        OGRGeometryH hSpatialFilterPolygon = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbPolygon);
        OGRGeometryH hRing = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbLinearRing);

        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hRing, rect.minx, rect.miny);
        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hRing, rect.maxx, rect.miny);
        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hRing, rect.maxx, rect.maxy);
        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hRing, rect.minx, rect.maxy);
        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hRing, rect.minx, rect.miny);
        OGR_G_AddGeometryDirectly(hSpatialFilterPolygon, hRing);
        OGR_L_SetSpatialFilter(psInfo->hLayer, hSpatialFilterPolygon);
        OGR_G_DestroyGeometry(hSpatialFilterPolygon);
      }

      if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV) {
        msDebug("msOGRFileWhichShapes: Setting spatial filter to %.15g %.15g "
                "%.15g %.15g\n",
                rect.minx, rect.miny, rect.maxx, rect.maxy);
      }
    }

    psInfo->rect = rect;

    /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
     * Apply an attribute filter if we have one prefixed with a WHERE
     * keyword in the filter string.  Otherwise, ensure the attribute
     * filter is clear.
     * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
    if (pszOGRFilter != NULL) {

      if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
        msDebug("msOGRFileWhichShapes: Setting attribute filter to %s\n",
                pszOGRFilter);

      CPLErrorReset();
      if (OGR_L_SetAttributeFilter(psInfo->hLayer, pszOGRFilter) !=
          OGRERR_NONE) {
        msSetError(
            MS_OGRERR, "SetAttributeFilter() failed on layer %s. Check logs.",
            "msOGRFileWhichShapes()", layer->name ? layer->name : "(null)");
        msDebug("SetAttributeFilter(%s) failed on layer %s.\n%s\n",
                pszOGRFilter, layer->name ? layer->name : "(null)",
                CPLGetLastErrorMsg());
        RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
        msFree(pszOGRFilter);
        msFree(select);
        return MS_FAILURE;
      }
      msFree(pszOGRFilter);
    } else
      OGR_L_SetAttributeFilter(psInfo->hLayer, NULL);
  }

  msFree(select);

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Reset current feature pointer
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  OGR_L_ResetReading(psInfo->hLayer);
  psInfo->last_record_index_read = -1;

  RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRPassThroughFieldDefinitions()
 *
 * Pass the field definitions through to the layer metadata in the
 * "gml_[item]_{type,width,precision}" set of metadata items for
 * defining fields.
 **********************************************************************/

static void msOGRPassThroughFieldDefinitions(layerObj *layer,
                                             msOGRFileInfo *psInfo)

{
  OGRFeatureDefnH hDefn = OGR_L_GetLayerDefn(psInfo->hLayer);
  int numitems, i;

  numitems = OGR_FD_GetFieldCount(hDefn);

  for (i = 0; i < numitems; i++) {
    OGRFieldDefnH hField = OGR_FD_GetFieldDefn(hDefn, i);
    OGRFieldSubType eFieldSubType = OGR_Fld_GetSubType(hField);

    char gml_width[32], gml_precision[32];
    const char *gml_type = NULL;
    const char *item = OGR_Fld_GetNameRef(hField);

    gml_width[0] = '\0';
    gml_precision[0] = '\0';

    switch (OGR_Fld_GetType(hField)) {
    case OFTInteger:
      if (eFieldSubType == OFSTBoolean) {
        gml_type = "Boolean";
      } else {
        gml_type = "Integer";
        if (OGR_Fld_GetWidth(hField) > 0)
          snprintf(gml_width, sizeof(gml_width), "%d",
                   OGR_Fld_GetWidth(hField));
      }
      break;

    case OFTInteger64:
      gml_type = "Long";
      if (OGR_Fld_GetWidth(hField) > 0)
        snprintf(gml_width, sizeof(gml_width), "%d", OGR_Fld_GetWidth(hField));
      break;

    case OFTReal:
      gml_type = "Real";
      if (OGR_Fld_GetWidth(hField) > 0)
        snprintf(gml_width, sizeof(gml_width), "%d", OGR_Fld_GetWidth(hField));
      if (OGR_Fld_GetPrecision(hField) > 0)
        snprintf(gml_precision, sizeof(gml_precision), "%d",
                 OGR_Fld_GetPrecision(hField));
      break;

    case OFTString:
      gml_type = "Character";
      if (OGR_Fld_GetWidth(hField) > 0)
        snprintf(gml_width, sizeof(gml_width), "%d", OGR_Fld_GetWidth(hField));
      break;

    case OFTDate:
      gml_type = "Date";
      break;
    case OFTTime:
      gml_type = "Time";
      break;
    case OFTDateTime:
      gml_type = "DateTime";
      break;

    default:
      gml_type = "Character";
      break;
    }

    msUpdateGMLFieldMetadata(layer, item, gml_type, gml_width, gml_precision,
                             0);
  }

  /* Should we try to address style items, or other special items? */
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRFileGetItems()
 *
 * Returns a list of field names in a NULL terminated list of strings.
 **********************************************************************/
static char **msOGRFileGetItems(layerObj *layer, msOGRFileInfo *psInfo) {
  OGRFeatureDefnH hDefn;
  int i, numitems, totalnumitems;
  int numStyleItems = MSOGR_LABELNUMITEMS;
  char **items;
  const char *getShapeStyleItems, *value;

  if ((hDefn = OGR_L_GetLayerDefn(psInfo->hLayer)) == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_OGRERR,
               "OGR Connection for layer `%s' contains no field definition.",
               "msOGRFileGetItems()", layer->name ? layer->name : "(null)");
    return NULL;
  }

  totalnumitems = numitems = OGR_FD_GetFieldCount(hDefn);

  getShapeStyleItems = msLayerGetProcessingKey(layer, "GETSHAPE_STYLE_ITEMS");
  if (getShapeStyleItems && EQUAL(getShapeStyleItems, "all"))
    totalnumitems += numStyleItems;

  if ((items = (char **)malloc(sizeof(char *) * (totalnumitems + 1))) == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MEMERR, NULL, "msOGRFileGetItems()");
    return NULL;
  }

  for (i = 0; i < numitems; i++) {
    OGRFieldDefnH hField = OGR_FD_GetFieldDefn(hDefn, i);
    items[i] = msStrdup(OGR_Fld_GetNameRef(hField));
  }

  if (getShapeStyleItems && EQUAL(getShapeStyleItems, "all")) {
    assert(numStyleItems == 21);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELFONTNAMENAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELSIZENAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELTEXTNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELANGLENAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELFCOLORNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELBCOLORNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELPLACEMENTNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELANCHORNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELDXNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELDYNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELPERPNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELBOLDNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELITALICNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELUNDERLINENAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELPRIORITYNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELSTRIKEOUTNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELSTRETCHNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELADJHORNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELADJVERTNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELHCOLORNAME);
    items[i++] = msStrdup(MSOGR_LABELOCOLORNAME);
  }
  items[i++] = NULL;

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      consider populating the field definitions in metadata.          */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  if ((value = msOWSLookupMetadata(&(layer->metadata), "G", "types")) != NULL &&
      strcasecmp(value, "auto") == 0)
    msOGRPassThroughFieldDefinitions(layer, psInfo);

  return items;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRFileNextShape()
 *
 * Returns shape sequentially from OGR data source.
 * msOGRLayerWhichShape() must have been called first.
 *
 * Returns MS_SUCCESS/MS_FAILURE
 **********************************************************************/
static int msOGRFileNextShape(layerObj *layer, shapeObj *shape,
                              msOGRFileInfo *psInfo) {
  OGRFeatureH hFeature = NULL;

  if (psInfo == NULL || psInfo->hLayer == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR, "Assertion failed: OGR layer not opened!!!",
               "msOGRFileNextShape()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Read until we find a feature that matches attribute filter and
   * whose geometry is compatible with current layer type.
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  msFreeShape(shape);
  shape->type = MS_SHAPE_NULL;

  ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
  while (shape->type == MS_SHAPE_NULL) {
    if (hFeature)
      OGR_F_Destroy(hFeature);

    if ((hFeature = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(psInfo->hLayer)) == NULL) {
      psInfo->last_record_index_read = -1;
      if (CPLGetLastErrorType() == CE_Failure) {
        msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "OGR GetNextFeature() error'd. Check logs.",
                   "msOGRFileNextShape()");
        msDebug("msOGRFileNextShape(): %s\n", CPLGetLastErrorMsg());
        RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
        return MS_FAILURE;
      } else {
        RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
        if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VV)
          msDebug("msOGRFileNextShape: Returning MS_DONE (no more shapes)\n");
        return MS_DONE; // No more features to read
      }
    }

    psInfo->last_record_index_read++;

    if (layer->numitems > 0) {
      if (shape->values)
        msFreeCharArray(shape->values, shape->numvalues);
      shape->values = msOGRGetValues(layer, hFeature);
      shape->numvalues = layer->numitems;
      if (!shape->values) {
        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeature);
        RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
        return (MS_FAILURE);
      }
    }

    // Feature matched filter expression... process geometry
    // shape->type will be set if geom is compatible with layer type
    if (ogrConvertGeometry(ogrGetLinearGeometry(hFeature), shape,
                           layer->type) == MS_SUCCESS) {
      if (shape->type != MS_SHAPE_NULL)
        break; // Shape is ready to be returned!

      if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
        msDebug("msOGRFileNextShape: Rejecting feature (shapeid = " CPL_FRMT_GIB
                ", tileid=%d) of incompatible type for this layer (feature "
                "wkbType %d, layer type %d)\n",
                (GIntBig)OGR_F_GetFID(hFeature), psInfo->nTileId,
                OGR_F_GetGeometryRef(hFeature) == NULL
                    ? wkbFlatten(wkbUnknown)
                    : wkbFlatten(OGR_G_GetGeometryType(
                          OGR_F_GetGeometryRef(hFeature))),
                layer->type);

    } else {
      msFreeShape(shape);
      OGR_F_Destroy(hFeature);
      RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
      return MS_FAILURE; // Error message already produced.
    }

    // Feature rejected... free shape to clear attributes values.
    msFreeShape(shape);
    shape->type = MS_SHAPE_NULL;
  }

  shape->index = (int)OGR_F_GetFID(
      hFeature); // FIXME? GetFID() is a 64bit integer in GDAL 2.0
  shape->resultindex = psInfo->last_record_index_read;
  shape->tileindex = psInfo->nTileId;

  if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
    msDebug("msOGRFileNextShape: Returning shape=%ld, tile=%d\n", shape->index,
            shape->tileindex);

  // Keep ref. to last feature read in case we need style info.
  if (psInfo->hLastFeature)
    OGR_F_Destroy(psInfo->hLastFeature);
  psInfo->hLastFeature = hFeature;

  RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRFileGetShape()
 *
 * Returns shape from OGR data source by id.
 *
 * Returns MS_SUCCESS/MS_FAILURE
 **********************************************************************/
static int msOGRFileGetShape(layerObj *layer, shapeObj *shape, long record,
                             msOGRFileInfo *psInfo, int record_is_fid) {
  OGRFeatureH hFeature;

  if (psInfo == NULL || psInfo->hLayer == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR, "Assertion failed: OGR layer not opened!!!",
               "msOGRFileNextShape()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      Clear previously loaded shape.                                  */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  msFreeShape(shape);
  shape->type = MS_SHAPE_NULL;

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      Support reading feature by fid.                                 */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  if (record_is_fid) {
    ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
    if ((hFeature = OGR_L_GetFeature(psInfo->hLayer, record)) == NULL) {
      RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
      return MS_FAILURE;
    }
  }

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      Support reading shape by offset within the current              */
  /*      resultset.                                                      */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  else {
    ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
    if (record <= psInfo->last_record_index_read ||
        psInfo->last_record_index_read == -1) {
      OGR_L_ResetReading(psInfo->hLayer);
      psInfo->last_record_index_read = -1;
    }

    hFeature = NULL;
    while (psInfo->last_record_index_read < record) {
      if (hFeature != NULL) {
        OGR_F_Destroy(hFeature);
        hFeature = NULL;
      }
      if ((hFeature = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(psInfo->hLayer)) == NULL) {
        RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
        return MS_FAILURE;
      }
      psInfo->last_record_index_read++;
    }
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Handle shape geometry...
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  // shape->type will be set if geom is compatible with layer type
  if (ogrConvertGeometry(ogrGetLinearGeometry(hFeature), shape, layer->type) !=
      MS_SUCCESS) {
    RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
    return MS_FAILURE; // Error message already produced.
  }

  if (shape->type == MS_SHAPE_NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "Requested feature is incompatible with layer type",
               "msOGRLayerGetShape()");
    RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
    return MS_FAILURE;
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Process shape attributes
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  if (layer->numitems > 0) {
    shape->values = msOGRGetValues(layer, hFeature);
    shape->numvalues = layer->numitems;
    if (!shape->values) {
      RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
      return (MS_FAILURE);
    }
  }

  if (record_is_fid) {
    shape->index = record;
    shape->resultindex = -1;
  } else {
    shape->index = (int)OGR_F_GetFID(
        hFeature); // FIXME? GetFID() is a 64bit integer in GDAL 2.0
    shape->resultindex = record;
  }

  shape->tileindex = psInfo->nTileId;

  // Keep ref. to last feature read in case we need style info.
  if (psInfo->hLastFeature)
    OGR_F_Destroy(psInfo->hLastFeature);
  psInfo->hLastFeature = hFeature;

  RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         msOGRFileReadTile()                          */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Advance to the next tile (or if targetTile is not -1 advance    */
/*      to that tile), causing the tile to become the poCurTile in      */
/*      the tileindexes psInfo structure.  Returns MS_DONE if there     */
/*      are no more available tiles.                                    */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Newly loaded tiles are automatically "WhichShaped" based on     */
/*      the current rectangle.                                          */
/************************************************************************/

int msOGRFileReadTile(layerObj *layer, msOGRFileInfo *psInfo,
                      int targetTile = -1)

{
  int nFeatureId;

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      Close old tile if one is open.                                  */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  if (psInfo->poCurTile != NULL) {
    msOGRFileClose(layer, psInfo->poCurTile);
    psInfo->poCurTile = NULL;
  }

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      If -2 is passed, then seek reset reading of the tileindex.      */
  /*      We want to start from the beginning even if this file is        */
  /*      shared between layers or renders.                               */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
  if (targetTile == -2) {
    OGR_L_ResetReading(psInfo->hLayer);
  }

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      Get the name (connection string really) of the next tile.       */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  OGRFeatureH hFeature;
  char *connection = NULL;
  msOGRFileInfo *psTileInfo = NULL;
  int status;

#ifndef IGNORE_MISSING_DATA
NextFile:
#endif

  if (targetTile < 0)
    hFeature = OGR_L_GetNextFeature(psInfo->hLayer);

  else
    hFeature = OGR_L_GetFeature(psInfo->hLayer, targetTile);

  if (hFeature == NULL) {
    RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
    if (targetTile == -1)
      return MS_DONE;
    else
      return MS_FAILURE;
  }

  connection = msStrdup(OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeature, layer->tileitemindex));

  char *pszSRS = NULL;
  if (layer->tilesrs != NULL) {
    int idx = OGR_F_GetFieldIndex(hFeature, layer->tilesrs);
    if (idx >= 0) {
      pszSRS = msStrdup(OGR_F_GetFieldAsString(hFeature, idx));
    }
  }

  nFeatureId = (int)OGR_F_GetFID(
      hFeature); // FIXME? GetFID() is a 64bit integer in GDAL 2.0

  OGR_F_Destroy(hFeature);

  RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      Open the new tile file.                                         */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  psTileInfo = msOGRFileOpen(layer, connection);

  free(connection);

#ifndef IGNORE_MISSING_DATA
  if (psTileInfo == NULL && targetTile == -1) {
    msFree(pszSRS);
    goto NextFile;
  }
#endif

  if (psTileInfo == NULL) {
    msFree(pszSRS);
    return MS_FAILURE;
  }

  if (pszSRS != NULL) {
    if (msOGCWKT2ProjectionObj(pszSRS, &(psInfo->sTileProj), layer->debug) !=
        MS_SUCCESS) {
      msFree(pszSRS);
      return MS_FAILURE;
    }
    msFree(pszSRS);
  }

  psTileInfo->nTileId = nFeatureId;

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      Initialize the spatial query on this file.                      */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  if (psInfo->rect.minx != 0 || psInfo->rect.maxx != 0) {
    rectObj rect = psInfo->rect;

    if (layer->tileindex != NULL && psInfo->sTileProj.numargs > 0) {
      msProjectRect(&(layer->projection), &(psInfo->sTileProj), &rect);
    }

    status = msOGRFileWhichShapes(layer, rect, psTileInfo);
    if (status != MS_SUCCESS)
      return status;
  }

  psInfo->poCurTile = psTileInfo;

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      Update the iteminfo in case this layer has a different field    */
  /*      list.                                                           */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  msOGRLayerInitItemInfo(layer);

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                               msExprNode                             */
/************************************************************************/

class msExprNode {
public:
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<msExprNode>> m_aoChildren{};
  int m_nToken = 0;
  std::string m_osVal{};
  double m_dfVal = 0;
  struct tm m_tmVal {};
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                        exprGetPriority()                             */
/************************************************************************/

static int exprGetPriority(int token) {
  if (token == MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_NOT)
    return 9;
  else if (token == '*' || token == '/' || token == '%')
    return 8;
  else if (token == '+' || token == '-')
    return 7;
  else if (token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_GE || token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_GT ||
           token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_LE || token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_LT ||
           token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_IN)
    return 6;
  else if (token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_EQ ||
           token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_IEQ ||
           token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_RE ||
           token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_IRE || token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_NE)
    return 5;
  else if (token == MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_AND)
    return 4;
  else if (token == MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_OR)
    return 3;
  else
    return 0;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           BuildExprTree()                            */
/************************************************************************/

static std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> BuildExprTree(tokenListNodeObjPtr node,
                                                 tokenListNodeObjPtr *pNodeNext,
                                                 int nParenthesisLevel) {
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<msExprNode>> aoStackOp, aoStackVal;
  while (node != NULL) {
    if (node->token == '(') {
      auto subExpr = BuildExprTree(node->next, &node, nParenthesisLevel + 1);
      if (subExpr == NULL) {
        return nullptr;
      }
      aoStackVal.emplace_back(std::move(subExpr));
      continue;
    } else if (node->token == ')') {
      if (nParenthesisLevel > 0) {
        break;
      }
      return nullptr;
    } else if (node->token == '+' || node->token == '-' || node->token == '*' ||
               node->token == '/' || node->token == '%' ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_NOT ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_AND ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_OR ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_GE ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_GT ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_LE ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_LT ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_EQ ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_IEQ ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_NE ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_RE ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_IRE ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_IN) {
      while (!aoStackOp.empty() &&
             exprGetPriority(node->token) <=
                 exprGetPriority(aoStackOp.back()->m_nToken)) {
        std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> val1;
        std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> val2;
        if (aoStackOp.back()->m_nToken != MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_NOT) {
          if (aoStackVal.empty())
            return nullptr;
          val2.reset(aoStackVal.back().release());
          aoStackVal.pop_back();
        }
        if (aoStackVal.empty())
          return nullptr;
        val1.reset(aoStackVal.back().release());
        aoStackVal.pop_back();

        std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> newNode(new msExprNode);
        newNode->m_nToken = aoStackOp.back()->m_nToken;
        newNode->m_aoChildren.emplace_back(std::move(val1));
        if (val2)
          newNode->m_aoChildren.emplace_back(std::move(val2));
        aoStackVal.emplace_back(std::move(newNode));
        aoStackOp.pop_back();
      }

      std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> newNode(new msExprNode);
      newNode->m_nToken = node->token;
      aoStackOp.emplace_back(std::move(newNode));
    } else if (node->token == ',') {
    } else if (node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_INTERSECTS ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_DISJOINT ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_TOUCHES ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_OVERLAPS ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_CROSSES ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_DWITHIN ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_BEYOND ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_WITHIN ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_CONTAINS ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_EQUALS ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_LENGTH ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_TOSTRING ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_COMMIFY ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_AREA ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_ROUND ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_FROMTEXT ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_BUFFER ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_DIFFERENCE ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_SIMPLIFY ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_SIMPLIFYPT ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_GENERALIZE ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_SMOOTHSIA ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_JAVASCRIPT ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_UPPER ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_LOWER ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_INITCAP ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_FUNCTION_FIRSTCAP) {
      if (node->next && node->next->token == '(') {
        int node_token = node->token;
        auto subExpr =
            BuildExprTree(node->next->next, &node, nParenthesisLevel + 1);
        if (subExpr == NULL) {
          return nullptr;
        }
        std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> newNode(new msExprNode);
        newNode->m_nToken = node_token;
        if (subExpr->m_nToken == 0) {
          newNode->m_aoChildren = std::move(subExpr->m_aoChildren);
        } else {
          newNode->m_aoChildren.emplace_back(std::move(subExpr));
        }
        aoStackVal.emplace_back(std::move(newNode));
        continue;
      } else
        return nullptr;
    } else if (node->token == MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_NUMBER ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_BOOLEAN) {
      std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> newNode(new msExprNode);
      newNode->m_nToken = node->token;
      newNode->m_dfVal = node->tokenval.dblval;
      aoStackVal.emplace_back(std::move(newNode));
    } else if (node->token == MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_STRING) {
      std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> newNode(new msExprNode);
      newNode->m_nToken = node->token;
      newNode->m_osVal = node->tokenval.strval;
      aoStackVal.emplace_back(std::move(newNode));
    } else if (node->token == MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_TIME) {
      std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> newNode(new msExprNode);
      newNode->m_nToken = node->token;
      newNode->m_tmVal = node->tokenval.tmval;
      aoStackVal.emplace_back(std::move(newNode));
    } else if (node->token == MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_SHAPE) {
      std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> newNode(new msExprNode);
      newNode->m_nToken = node->token;
      char *wkt = msShapeToWKT(node->tokenval.shpval);
      newNode->m_osVal = wkt;
      msFree(wkt);
      aoStackVal.emplace_back(std::move(newNode));
    } else if (node->token == MS_TOKEN_BINDING_DOUBLE ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_BINDING_INTEGER ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_BINDING_STRING ||
               node->token == MS_TOKEN_BINDING_TIME) {
      std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> newNode(new msExprNode);
      newNode->m_nToken = node->token;
      newNode->m_osVal = node->tokenval.bindval.item;
      aoStackVal.emplace_back(std::move(newNode));
    } else {
      std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> newNode(new msExprNode);
      newNode->m_nToken = node->token;
      aoStackVal.emplace_back(std::move(newNode));
    }

    node = node->next;
  }

  while (!aoStackOp.empty()) {
    std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> val1 = NULL;
    std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> val2 = NULL;
    if (aoStackOp.back()->m_nToken != MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_NOT) {
      if (aoStackVal.empty())
        return nullptr;
      val2.reset(aoStackVal.back().release());
      aoStackVal.pop_back();
    }
    if (aoStackVal.empty())
      return nullptr;
    val1.reset(aoStackVal.back().release());
    aoStackVal.pop_back();

    std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> newNode(new msExprNode);
    newNode->m_nToken = aoStackOp.back()->m_nToken;
    newNode->m_aoChildren.emplace_back(std::move(val1));
    if (val2)
      newNode->m_aoChildren.emplace_back(std::move(val2));
    aoStackVal.emplace_back(std::move(newNode));
    aoStackOp.pop_back();
  }

  std::unique_ptr<msExprNode> poRet;
  if (aoStackVal.size() == 1)
    poRet.reset(aoStackVal.back().release());
  else if (aoStackVal.size() > 1) {
    poRet.reset(new msExprNode);
    poRet->m_aoChildren = std::move(aoStackVal);
  }

  if (pNodeNext)
    *pNodeNext = node ? node->next : NULL;

  return poRet;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                 msOGRExtractTopSpatialFilter()
 *
 * Recognize expressions like "Intersects([shape], wkt) == TRUE [AND ....]"
 **********************************************************************/
static int msOGRExtractTopSpatialFilter(msOGRFileInfo *info,
                                        const msExprNode *expr,
                                        const msExprNode **pSpatialFilterNode) {
  if (expr == NULL)
    return MS_FALSE;

  if (expr->m_nToken == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_EQ &&
      expr->m_aoChildren.size() == 2 &&
      expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_nToken == MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_BOOLEAN &&
      expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_dfVal == 1.0) {
    return msOGRExtractTopSpatialFilter(info, expr->m_aoChildren[0].get(),
                                        pSpatialFilterNode);
  }

  if ((((expr->m_nToken == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_INTERSECTS ||
         expr->m_nToken == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_OVERLAPS ||
         expr->m_nToken == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_CROSSES ||
         expr->m_nToken == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_WITHIN ||
         expr->m_nToken == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_CONTAINS) &&
        expr->m_aoChildren.size() == 2) ||
       (expr->m_nToken == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_DWITHIN &&
        expr->m_aoChildren.size() == 3)) &&
      expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_nToken == MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_SHAPE) {
    if (info->rect_is_defined) {
      // Several intersects...
      *pSpatialFilterNode = NULL;
      info->rect_is_defined = MS_FALSE;
      return MS_FALSE;
    }
    OGRGeometryH hSpatialFilter = NULL;
    char *wkt = const_cast<char *>(expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_osVal.c_str());
    OGRErr e = OGR_G_CreateFromWkt(&wkt, NULL, &hSpatialFilter);
    if (e == OGRERR_NONE) {
      OGREnvelope env;
      if (expr->m_nToken == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_DWITHIN) {
        OGRGeometryH hBuffer =
            OGR_G_Buffer(hSpatialFilter, expr->m_aoChildren[2]->m_dfVal, 30);
        OGR_G_GetEnvelope(hBuffer ? hBuffer : hSpatialFilter, &env);
        OGR_G_DestroyGeometry(hBuffer);
      } else {
        OGR_G_GetEnvelope(hSpatialFilter, &env);
      }
      info->rect.minx = env.MinX;
      info->rect.miny = env.MinY;
      info->rect.maxx = env.MaxX;
      info->rect.maxy = env.MaxY;
      info->rect_is_defined = true;
      *pSpatialFilterNode = expr;
      OGR_G_DestroyGeometry(hSpatialFilter);
      return MS_TRUE;
    }
    return MS_FALSE;
  }

  if (expr->m_nToken == MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_AND &&
      expr->m_aoChildren.size() == 2) {
    return msOGRExtractTopSpatialFilter(info, expr->m_aoChildren[0].get(),
                                        pSpatialFilterNode) &&
           msOGRExtractTopSpatialFilter(info, expr->m_aoChildren[1].get(),
                                        pSpatialFilterNode);
  }

  return MS_TRUE;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                 msOGRTranslatePartialMSExpressionToOGRSQL()
 *
 * Tries to partially translate a mapserver expression to SQL
 **********************************************************************/

static std::string msOGRGetTokenText(int nToken) {
  switch (nToken) {
  case '*':
  case '+':
  case '-':
  case '/':
  case '%':
    return std::string(1, static_cast<char>(nToken));

  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_GE:
    return ">=";
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_GT:
    return ">";
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_LE:
    return "<=";
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_LT:
    return "<";
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_EQ:
    return "=";
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_NE:
    return "!=";

  default:
    return std::string();
  }
}

static std::string
msOGRTranslatePartialInternal(layerObj *layer, const msExprNode *expr,
                              const msExprNode *spatialFilterNode,
                              bool &bPartialFilter) {
  switch (expr->m_nToken) {
  case MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_NOT: {
    std::string osTmp(msOGRTranslatePartialInternal(
        layer, expr->m_aoChildren[0].get(), spatialFilterNode, bPartialFilter));
    if (osTmp.empty())
      return std::string();
    return "(NOT " + osTmp + ")";
  }

  case MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_AND: {
    // We can deal with partially translated children
    std::string osTmp1(msOGRTranslatePartialInternal(
        layer, expr->m_aoChildren[0].get(), spatialFilterNode, bPartialFilter));
    std::string osTmp2(msOGRTranslatePartialInternal(
        layer, expr->m_aoChildren[1].get(), spatialFilterNode, bPartialFilter));
    if (!osTmp1.empty() && !osTmp2.empty()) {
      return "(" + osTmp1 + " AND " + osTmp2 + ")";
    } else if (!osTmp1.empty())
      return osTmp1;
    else
      return osTmp2;
  }

  case MS_TOKEN_LOGICAL_OR: {
    // We can NOT deal with partially translated children
    std::string osTmp1(msOGRTranslatePartialInternal(
        layer, expr->m_aoChildren[0].get(), spatialFilterNode, bPartialFilter));
    std::string osTmp2(msOGRTranslatePartialInternal(
        layer, expr->m_aoChildren[1].get(), spatialFilterNode, bPartialFilter));
    if (!osTmp1.empty() && !osTmp2.empty()) {
      return "(" + osTmp1 + " OR " + osTmp2 + ")";
    } else
      return std::string();
  }

  case '*':
  case '+':
  case '-':
  case '/':
  case '%':
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_GE:
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_GT:
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_LE:
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_LT:
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_EQ:
  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_NE: {
    std::string osTmp1(msOGRTranslatePartialInternal(
        layer, expr->m_aoChildren[0].get(), spatialFilterNode, bPartialFilter));
    std::string osTmp2(msOGRTranslatePartialInternal(
        layer, expr->m_aoChildren[1].get(), spatialFilterNode, bPartialFilter));
    if (!osTmp1.empty() && !osTmp2.empty()) {
      if (expr->m_nToken == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_EQ &&
          osTmp2 == "'_MAPSERVER_NULL_'") {
        return "(" + osTmp1 + " IS NULL )";
      }
      if (expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_nToken == MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_STRING) {
        bool bIsCharacter = msLayerPropertyIsCharacter(
            layer, expr->m_aoChildren[0]->m_osVal.c_str());
        // Cast if needed (or unsure)
        if (!bIsCharacter) {
          osTmp1 = "CAST(" + osTmp1 + " AS CHARACTER(4096))";
        }
      }
      return "(" + osTmp1 + " " + msOGRGetTokenText(expr->m_nToken) + " " +
             osTmp2 + ")";
    } else
      return std::string();
  }

  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_RE: {
    std::string osTmp1(msOGRTranslatePartialInternal(
        layer, expr->m_aoChildren[0].get(), spatialFilterNode, bPartialFilter));
    if (expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_nToken != MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_STRING) {
      return std::string();
    }
    std::string osRE("'");
    const size_t nSize = expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_osVal.size();
    bool bHasUsedEscape = false;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < nSize; i++) {
      if (i == 0 && expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_osVal[i] == '^')
        continue;
      if (i == nSize - 1 && expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_osVal[i] == '$')
        break;
      if (expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_osVal[i] == '.') {
        if (i + 1 < nSize && expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_osVal[i + 1] == '*') {
          osRE += "%";
          i++;
        } else {
          osRE += "_";
        }
      } else if (expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_osVal[i] == '\\' && i + 1 < nSize) {
        bHasUsedEscape = true;
        osRE += 'X';
        osRE += expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_osVal[i + 1];
        i++;
      } else if (expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_osVal[i] == 'X' ||
                 expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_osVal[i] == '%' ||
                 expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_osVal[i] == '_') {
        bHasUsedEscape = true;
        osRE += 'X';
        osRE += expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_osVal[i];
      } else {
        osRE += expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_osVal[i];
      }
    }
    osRE += "'";
    char md_item_name[256];
    snprintf(md_item_name, sizeof(md_item_name), "gml_%s_type",
             expr->m_aoChildren[0]->m_osVal.c_str());
    const char *type = msLookupHashTable(&(layer->metadata), md_item_name);
    // Cast if needed (or unsure)
    if (type == NULL || !EQUAL(type, "Character")) {
      osTmp1 = "CAST(" + osTmp1 + " AS CHARACTER(4096))";
    }
    std::string osRet("(" + osTmp1 + " LIKE " + osRE);
    if (bHasUsedEscape)
      osRet += " ESCAPE 'X'";
    osRet += ")";
    return osRet;
  }

  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_IN: {
    std::string osTmp1(msOGRTranslatePartialInternal(
        layer, expr->m_aoChildren[0].get(), spatialFilterNode, bPartialFilter));
    std::string osRet = "(" + osTmp1 + " IN (";
    for (size_t i = 0; i < expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_aoChildren.size(); ++i) {
      if (i > 0)
        osRet += ", ";
      osRet += msOGRTranslatePartialInternal(
          layer, expr->m_aoChildren[1]->m_aoChildren[i].get(),
          spatialFilterNode, bPartialFilter);
    }
    osRet += ")";
    return osRet;
  }

  case MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_NUMBER:
  case MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_BOOLEAN: {
    return std::string(CPLSPrintf("%.18g", expr->m_dfVal));
  }

  case MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_STRING: {
    char *stresc = msOGREscapeSQLParam(layer, expr->m_osVal.c_str());
    std::string osRet("'" + std::string(stresc) + "'");
    msFree(stresc);
    return osRet;
  }

  case MS_TOKEN_LITERAL_TIME: {
#ifdef notdef
    // Breaks tests in msautotest/wxs/wfs_time_ogr.map
    return std::string(CPLSPrintf(
        "'%04d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d'", expr->m_tmVal.tm_year + 1900,
        expr->m_tmVal.tm_mon + 1, expr->m_tmVal.tm_mday, expr->m_tmVal.tm_hour,
        expr->m_tmVal.tm_min, expr->m_tmVal.tm_sec));
#endif
    return std::string();
  }

  case MS_TOKEN_BINDING_DOUBLE:
  case MS_TOKEN_BINDING_INTEGER:
  case MS_TOKEN_BINDING_STRING:
  case MS_TOKEN_BINDING_TIME: {
    char *pszTmp = msOGRGetQuotedItem(layer, expr->m_osVal.c_str());
    std::string osRet(pszTmp);
    msFree(pszTmp);
    return osRet;
  }

  case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_INTERSECTS: {
    if (expr != spatialFilterNode)
      bPartialFilter = true;
    return std::string();
  }

  default: {
    bPartialFilter = true;
    return std::string();
  }
  }
}

/* ==================================================================
 * Here comes the REAL stuff... the functions below are called by maplayer.c
 * ================================================================== */

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRTranslateMsExpressionToOGRSQL()
 *
 * Tries to translate a mapserver expression to OGR or driver native SQL
 **********************************************************************/
static int msOGRTranslateMsExpressionToOGRSQL(layerObj *layer,
                                              expressionObj *psFilter,
                                              char *filteritem) {
  msOGRFileInfo *info = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;

  msFree(layer->filter.native_string);
  layer->filter.native_string = NULL;

  msFree(info->pszWHERE);
  info->pszWHERE = NULL;

  // reasons to not produce native string: not simple layer, or an explicit deny
  const char *do_this =
      msLayerGetProcessingKey(layer, "NATIVE_SQL"); // default is YES
  if (do_this && strcmp(do_this, "NO") == 0) {
    return MS_SUCCESS;
  }

  tokenListNodeObjPtr node = psFilter->tokens;
  auto expr = BuildExprTree(node, NULL, 0);
  info->rect_is_defined = MS_FALSE;
  const msExprNode *spatialFilterNode = NULL;
  if (expr)
    msOGRExtractTopSpatialFilter(info, expr.get(), &spatialFilterNode);

  // more reasons to not produce native string: not a recognized driver
  if (!info->dialect) {
    // in which case we might still want to try to get a partial WHERE clause
    if (filteritem == NULL && expr) {
      bool bPartialFilter = false;
      std::string osSQL(msOGRTranslatePartialInternal(
          layer, expr.get(), spatialFilterNode, bPartialFilter));
      if (!osSQL.empty()) {
        info->pszWHERE = msStrdup(osSQL.c_str());
        if (bPartialFilter) {
          msDebug("Full filter has only been partially "
                  "translated to OGR filter %s\n",
                  info->pszWHERE);
        }
      } else if (bPartialFilter) {
        msDebug("Filter could not be translated to OGR filter\n");
      }
    }
    return MS_SUCCESS;
  }

  char *sql = NULL;

  // node may be NULL if layer->filter.string != NULL and filteritem != NULL
  // this is simple filter but string is regex
  if (node == NULL && filteritem != NULL && layer->filter.string != NULL) {
    sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, "\"");
    sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, filteritem);
    sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, "\"");
    if (EQUAL(info->dialect, "PostgreSQL")) {
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, " ~ ");
    } else {
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, " LIKE ");
    }
    sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, "'");
    sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, layer->filter.string);
    sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, "'");
  }

  while (node != NULL) {

    if (node->next && node->next->token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_IEQ) {
      char *left = msOGRGetToken(layer, &node);
      node = node->next; // skip =
      char *right = msOGRGetToken(layer, &node);
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, "upper(");
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, left);
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, ")");
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, "=");
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, "upper(");
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, right);
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, ")");
      int ok = left && right;
      msFree(left);
      msFree(right);
      if (!ok) {
        goto fail;
      }
      continue;
    }

    switch (node->token) {
    case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_INTERSECTS:
    case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_DISJOINT:
    case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_TOUCHES:
    case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_OVERLAPS:
    case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_CROSSES:
    case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_DWITHIN:
    case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_BEYOND:
    case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_WITHIN:
    case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_CONTAINS:
    case MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_EQUALS: {
      int token = node->token;
      char *fct = msOGRGetToken(layer, &node);
      node = node->next; // skip (
      char *a1 = msOGRGetToken(layer, &node);
      node = node->next; // skip ,
      char *a2 = msOGRGetToken(layer, &node);
      char *a3 = NULL;
      if (token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_DWITHIN ||
          token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_BEYOND) {
        node = node->next; // skip ,
        a3 = msOGRGetToken(layer, &node);
      }
      node = node->next; // skip )
      char *eq = msOGRGetToken(layer, &node);
      char *rval = msOGRGetToken(layer, &node);
      if ((eq && strcmp(eq, " != ") == 0) ||
          (rval && strcmp(rval, "FALSE") == 0)) {
        sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, "NOT ");
      }
      // FIXME: case rval is more complex
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, fct);
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, "(");
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, a1);
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, ",");
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, a2);
      if (token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_DWITHIN ||
          token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_BEYOND) {
        sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, ")");
        if (token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_DWITHIN)
          sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, "<=");
        else
          sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, ">");
        sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, a3);
      } else {
        sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, ")");
      }
      int ok = fct && a1 && a2 && eq && rval;
      if (token == MS_TOKEN_COMPARISON_DWITHIN) {
        ok = ok && a3;
      }
      msFree(fct);
      msFree(a1);
      msFree(a2);
      msFree(a3);
      msFree(eq);
      msFree(rval);
      if (!ok) {
        goto fail;
      }
      break;
    }
    default: {
      char *token = msOGRGetToken(layer, &node);
      if (!token) {
        goto fail;
      }
      sql = msStringConcatenate(sql, token);
      msFree(token);
    }
    }
  }

  layer->filter.native_string = sql;
  return MS_SUCCESS;
fail:
  // error producing native string
  msDebug("Note: Error parsing token list, could produce only: %s. Trying in "
          "partial mode\n",
          sql);
  msFree(sql);

  // in which case we might still want to try to get a partial WHERE clause
  if (expr) {
    bool bPartialFilter = false;
    std::string osSQL(msOGRTranslatePartialInternal(
        layer, expr.get(), spatialFilterNode, bPartialFilter));
    if (!osSQL.empty()) {
      info->pszWHERE = msStrdup(osSQL.c_str());
      if (bPartialFilter) {
        msDebug("Full filter has only been partially "
                "translated to OGR filter %s\n",
                info->pszWHERE);
      }
    } else if (bPartialFilter) {
      msDebug("Filter could not be translated to OGR filter\n");
    }
  }

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRLayerOpen()
 *
 * Open OGR data source for the specified map layer.
 *
 * If pszOverrideConnection != NULL then this value is used as the connection
 * string instead of lp->connection.  This is used for instance to open
 * a WFS layer, in this case lp->connection is the WFS url, but we want
 * OGR to open the local file on disk that was previously downloaded.
 *
 * An OGR connection string is:   <dataset_filename>[,<layer_index>]
 *  <dataset_filename>   is file format specific
 *  <layer_index>        (optional) is the OGR layer index
 *                       default is 0, the first layer.
 *
 * One can use the "ogrinfo" program to find out the layer indices in a dataset
 *
 * Returns MS_SUCCESS/MS_FAILURE
 **********************************************************************/
int msOGRLayerOpen(layerObj *layer, const char *pszOverrideConnection) {
  msOGRFileInfo *psInfo;

  if (layer->layerinfo != NULL) {
    return MS_SUCCESS; // Nothing to do... layer is already opened
  }

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      If this is not a tiled layer, just directly open the target.    */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  if (layer->tileindex == NULL) {
    psInfo = msOGRFileOpen(layer, (pszOverrideConnection ? pszOverrideConnection
                                                         : layer->connection));
    layer->layerinfo = psInfo;
    layer->tileitemindex = -1;

    if (layer->layerinfo == NULL)
      return MS_FAILURE;
  }

  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  /*      Otherwise we open the tile index, identify the tile item        */
  /*      index and try to select the first file matching our query       */
  /*      region.                                                         */
  /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
  else {
    // Open tile index

    psInfo = msOGRFileOpen(layer, layer->tileindex);
    layer->layerinfo = psInfo;

    if (layer->layerinfo == NULL)
      return MS_FAILURE;

    // Identify TILEITEM
    OGRFeatureDefnH hDefn = OGR_L_GetLayerDefn(psInfo->hLayer);
    layer->tileitemindex = OGR_FD_GetFieldIndex(hDefn, layer->tileitem);
    if (layer->tileitemindex < 0) {
      msSetError(MS_OGRERR,
                 "Can't identify TILEITEM %s field in TILEINDEX `%s'.",
                 "msOGRLayerOpen()", layer->tileitem, layer->tileindex);
      msOGRFileClose(layer, psInfo);
      layer->layerinfo = NULL;
      return MS_FAILURE;
    }

    // Identify TILESRS
    if (layer->tilesrs != NULL &&
        OGR_FD_GetFieldIndex(hDefn, layer->tilesrs) < 0) {
      msSetError(MS_OGRERR,
                 "Can't identify TILESRS %s field in TILEINDEX `%s'.",
                 "msOGRLayerOpen()", layer->tilesrs, layer->tileindex);
      msOGRFileClose(layer, psInfo);
      layer->layerinfo = NULL;
      return MS_FAILURE;
    }
    if (layer->tilesrs != NULL && layer->projection.numargs == 0) {
      msSetError(MS_OGRERR,
                 "A layer with TILESRS set in TILEINDEX `%s' must have a "
                 "projection set on itself.",
                 "msOGRLayerOpen()", layer->tileindex);
      msOGRFileClose(layer, psInfo);
      layer->layerinfo = NULL;
      return MS_FAILURE;
    }
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * If projection was "auto" then set proj to the dataset's projection.
   * For a tile index, it is assume the tile index has the projection.
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  if (layer->projection.numargs > 0 &&
      EQUAL(layer->projection.args[0], "auto")) {
    ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
    OGRSpatialReferenceH hSRS = OGR_L_GetSpatialRef(psInfo->hLayer);

    if (msOGRSpatialRef2ProjectionObj(hSRS, &(layer->projection),
                                      layer->debug) != MS_SUCCESS) {
      errorObj *ms_error = msGetErrorObj();

      RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
      msSetError(MS_OGRERR,
                 "%s  "
                 "PROJECTION AUTO cannot be used for this "
                 "OGR connection (in layer `%s').",
                 "msOGRLayerOpen()", ms_error->message,
                 layer->name ? layer->name : "(null)");
      msOGRFileClose(layer, psInfo);
      layer->layerinfo = NULL;
      return (MS_FAILURE);
    }
    RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
  }

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRLayerOpenVT()
 *
 * Overloaded version of msOGRLayerOpen for virtual table architecture
 **********************************************************************/
static int msOGRLayerOpenVT(layerObj *layer) {
  return msOGRLayerOpen(layer, NULL);
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRLayerClose()
 **********************************************************************/
int msOGRLayerClose(layerObj *layer) {
  msOGRFileInfo *psInfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;

  if (psInfo) {
    if (layer->debug)
      msDebug("msOGRLayerClose(%s).\n", layer->connection);

    msOGRFileClose(layer, psInfo);
    layer->layerinfo = NULL;
  }

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRLayerIsOpen()
 **********************************************************************/
static int msOGRLayerIsOpen(layerObj *layer) {
  if (layer->layerinfo)
    return MS_TRUE;

  return MS_FALSE;
}

int msOGRSupportsIsNull(layerObj *layer) {
  msOGRFileInfo *psInfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;
  if (psInfo && psInfo->dialect &&
      (EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "Spatialite") ||
       EQUAL(psInfo->dialect, "GPKG"))) {
    // reasons to not produce native string: not simple layer, or an explicit
    // deny
    const char *do_this =
        msLayerGetProcessingKey(layer, "NATIVE_SQL"); // default is YES
    if (do_this && strcmp(do_this, "NO") == 0) {
      return MS_FALSE;
    }
    return MS_TRUE;
  }

  return MS_FALSE;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRLayerWhichShapes()
 *
 * Init OGR layer structs ready for calls to msOGRLayerNextShape().
 *
 * Returns MS_SUCCESS/MS_FAILURE, or MS_DONE if no shape matching the
 * layer's FILTER overlaps the selected region.
 **********************************************************************/
int msOGRLayerWhichShapes(layerObj *layer, rectObj rect, int /*isQuery*/) {
  msOGRFileInfo *psInfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;
  int status;

  if (psInfo == NULL || psInfo->hLayer == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR, "Assertion failed: OGR layer not opened!!!",
               "msOGRLayerWhichShapes()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  status = msOGRFileWhichShapes(layer, rect, psInfo);

  if (status != MS_SUCCESS || layer->tileindex == NULL)
    return status;

  // If we are using a tile index, we need to advance to the first
  // tile matching the spatial query, and load it.

  return msOGRFileReadTile(layer, psInfo);
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRLayerGetItems()
 *
 * Load item (i.e. field) names in a char array.  If we are working
 * with a tiled layer, ensure a tile is loaded and use it for the items.
 * It is implicitly assumed that the schemas will match on all tiles.
 **********************************************************************/
int msOGRLayerGetItems(layerObj *layer) {
  msOGRFileInfo *psInfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;

  if (psInfo == NULL || psInfo->hLayer == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR, "Assertion failed: OGR layer not opened!!!",
               "msOGRLayerGetItems()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  if (layer->tileindex != NULL) {
    if (psInfo->poCurTile == NULL &&
        msOGRFileReadTile(layer, psInfo) != MS_SUCCESS)
      return MS_FAILURE;

    psInfo = psInfo->poCurTile;
  }

  layer->numitems = 0;
  layer->items = msOGRFileGetItems(layer, psInfo);
  if (layer->items == NULL)
    return MS_FAILURE;

  while (layer->items[layer->numitems] != NULL)
    layer->numitems++;

  return msOGRLayerInitItemInfo(layer);
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRLayerInitItemInfo()
 *
 * Init the itemindexes array after items[] has been reset in a layer.
 **********************************************************************/
static int msOGRLayerInitItemInfo(layerObj *layer) {
  msOGRFileInfo *psInfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;
  int i;
  OGRFeatureDefnH hDefn;

  if (layer->numitems == 0)
    return MS_SUCCESS;

  if (layer->tileindex != NULL) {
    if (psInfo->poCurTile == NULL &&
        msOGRFileReadTile(layer, psInfo, -2) != MS_SUCCESS)
      return MS_FAILURE;

    psInfo = psInfo->poCurTile;
  }

  if (psInfo == NULL || psInfo->hLayer == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR, "Assertion failed: OGR layer not opened!!!",
               "msOGRLayerInitItemInfo()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  if ((hDefn = OGR_L_GetLayerDefn(psInfo->hLayer)) == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "Layer contains no fields.",
               "msOGRLayerInitItemInfo()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  if (layer->iteminfo)
    free(layer->iteminfo);
  if ((layer->iteminfo = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * layer->numitems)) ==
      NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MEMERR, NULL, "msOGRLayerInitItemInfo()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  int *itemindexes = (int *)layer->iteminfo;
  for (i = 0; i < layer->numitems; i++) {
    // Special case for handling text string and angle coming from
    // OGR style strings.  We use special attribute snames.
    if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELFONTNAMENAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELFONTNAMEINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELSIZENAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELSIZEINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELTEXTNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELTEXTINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELANGLENAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELANGLEINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELFCOLORNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELFCOLORINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELBCOLORNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELBCOLORINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELPLACEMENTNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELPLACEMENTINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELANCHORNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELANCHORINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELDXNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELDXINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELDYNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELDYINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELPERPNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELPERPINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELBOLDNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELBOLDINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELITALICNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELITALICINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELUNDERLINENAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELUNDERLINEINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELPRIORITYNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELPRIORITYINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELSTRIKEOUTNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELSTRIKEOUTINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELSTRETCHNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELSTRETCHINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELADJHORNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELADJHORINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELADJVERTNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELADJVERTINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELHCOLORNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELHCOLORINDEX;
    else if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELOCOLORNAME))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELOCOLORINDEX;
    else if (EQUALN(layer->items[i], MSOGR_LABELPARAMNAME,
                    MSOGR_LABELPARAMNAMELEN))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_LABELPARAMINDEX +
                       atoi(layer->items[i] + MSOGR_LABELPARAMNAMELEN);
    else if (EQUALN(layer->items[i], MSOGR_BRUSHPARAMNAME,
                    MSOGR_BRUSHPARAMNAMELEN))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_BRUSHPARAMINDEX +
                       atoi(layer->items[i] + MSOGR_BRUSHPARAMNAMELEN);
    else if (EQUALN(layer->items[i], MSOGR_PENPARAMNAME, MSOGR_PENPARAMNAMELEN))
      itemindexes[i] =
          MSOGR_PENPARAMINDEX + atoi(layer->items[i] + MSOGR_PENPARAMNAMELEN);
    else if (EQUALN(layer->items[i], MSOGR_SYMBOLPARAMNAME,
                    MSOGR_SYMBOLPARAMNAMELEN))
      itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_SYMBOLPARAMINDEX +
                       atoi(layer->items[i] + MSOGR_SYMBOLPARAMNAMELEN);
    else {
      itemindexes[i] = OGR_FD_GetFieldIndex(hDefn, layer->items[i]);
      if (itemindexes[i] == -1) {
        if (EQUAL(layer->items[i], OGR_L_GetFIDColumn(psInfo->hLayer))) {
          itemindexes[i] = MSOGR_FID_INDEX;
        }
      }
    }
    if (itemindexes[i] == -1) {
      msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "Invalid Field name: %s in layer `%s'",
                 "msOGRLayerInitItemInfo()", layer->items[i],
                 layer->name ? layer->name : "(null)");
      return (MS_FAILURE);
    }
  }

  return (MS_SUCCESS);
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRLayerFreeItemInfo()
 *
 * Free the itemindexes array in a layer.
 **********************************************************************/
void msOGRLayerFreeItemInfo(layerObj *layer) {

  if (layer->iteminfo)
    free(layer->iteminfo);
  layer->iteminfo = NULL;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRLayerNextShape()
 *
 * Returns shape sequentially from OGR data source.
 * msOGRLayerWhichShape() must have been called first.
 *
 * Returns MS_SUCCESS/MS_FAILURE
 **********************************************************************/
int msOGRLayerNextShape(layerObj *layer, shapeObj *shape) {
  msOGRFileInfo *psInfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;
  int status;

  if (psInfo == NULL || psInfo->hLayer == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR, "Assertion failed: OGR layer not opened!!!",
               "msOGRLayerNextShape()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  if (layer->tileindex == NULL)
    return msOGRFileNextShape(layer, shape, psInfo);

  // Do we need to load the first tile?
  if (psInfo->poCurTile == NULL) {
    status = msOGRFileReadTile(layer, psInfo);
    if (status != MS_SUCCESS)
      return status;
  }

  do {
    // Try getting a shape from this tile.
    status = msOGRFileNextShape(layer, shape, psInfo->poCurTile);
    if (status != MS_DONE) {
      if (psInfo->sTileProj.numargs > 0) {
        msProjectShape(&(psInfo->sTileProj), &(layer->projection), shape);
      }

      return status;
    }

    // try next tile.
    status = msOGRFileReadTile(layer, psInfo);
    if (status != MS_SUCCESS)
      return status;
  } while (status == MS_SUCCESS);
  return status; // make compiler happy. this is never reached however
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRLayerGetShape()
 *
 * Returns shape from OGR data source by fid.
 *
 * Returns MS_SUCCESS/MS_FAILURE
 **********************************************************************/
int msOGRLayerGetShape(layerObj *layer, shapeObj *shape, resultObj *record) {
  msOGRFileInfo *psInfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;

  long shapeindex = record->shapeindex;
  int tileindex = record->tileindex;
  int resultindex = record->resultindex;
  int record_is_fid = TRUE;

  /* set the resultindex as shapeindex if available */
  if (resultindex >= 0) {
    record_is_fid = FALSE;
    shapeindex = resultindex;
  }

  if (psInfo == NULL || psInfo->hLayer == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR, "Assertion failed: OGR layer not opened!!!",
               "msOGRLayerGetShape()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  if (layer->tileindex == NULL)
    return msOGRFileGetShape(layer, shape, shapeindex, psInfo, record_is_fid);
  else {
    if (psInfo->poCurTile == NULL || psInfo->poCurTile->nTileId != tileindex) {
      if (msOGRFileReadTile(layer, psInfo, tileindex) != MS_SUCCESS)
        return MS_FAILURE;
    }

    int status = msOGRFileGetShape(layer, shape, shapeindex, psInfo->poCurTile,
                                   record_is_fid);
    if (status == MS_SUCCESS && psInfo->sTileProj.numargs > 0) {
      msProjectShape(&(psInfo->sTileProj), &(layer->projection), shape);
    }
    return status;
  }
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRLayerGetExtent()
 *
 * Returns the layer extents.
 *
 * Returns MS_SUCCESS/MS_FAILURE
 **********************************************************************/
int msOGRLayerGetExtent(layerObj *layer, rectObj *extent) {
  msOGRFileInfo *psInfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;
  OGREnvelope oExtent;

  if (psInfo == NULL || psInfo->hLayer == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR, "Assertion failed: OGR layer not opened!!!",
               "msOGRLayerGetExtent()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Call OGR's GetExtent()... note that for some formats this will
   * result in a scan of the whole layer and can be an expensive call.
   *
   * For tile indexes layers we assume it is sufficient to get the
   * extents of the tile index.
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
  if (OGR_L_GetExtent(psInfo->hLayer, &oExtent, TRUE) != OGRERR_NONE) {
    RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR, "Unable to get extents for this layer.",
               "msOGRLayerGetExtent()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }
  RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;

  extent->minx = oExtent.MinX;
  extent->miny = oExtent.MinY;
  extent->maxx = oExtent.MaxX;
  extent->maxy = oExtent.MaxY;

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRLayerGetNumFeatures()
 *
 * Returns the layer feature count.
 *
 * Returns the number of features on success, -1 on error
 **********************************************************************/
int msOGRLayerGetNumFeatures(layerObj *layer) {
  msOGRFileInfo *psInfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;
  int result;

  if (psInfo == NULL || psInfo->hLayer == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR, "Assertion failed: OGR layer not opened!!!",
               "msOGRLayerGetNumFeatures()");
    return -1;
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Call OGR's GetFeatureCount()... note that for some formats this will
   * result in a scan of the whole layer and can be an expensive call.
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
  result = (int)OGR_L_GetFeatureCount(psInfo->hLayer, TRUE);
  RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;

  return result;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRGetSymbolId()
 *
 * Returns a MapServer symbol number matching one of the symbols from
 * the OGR symbol id string.  If not found then try to locate the
 * default symbol name, and if not found return 0.
 **********************************************************************/
static int msOGRGetSymbolId(symbolSetObj *symbolset, const char *pszSymbolId,
                            const char *pszDefaultSymbol,
                            int try_addimage_if_notfound) {
  // Symbol name mapping:
  // First look for the native symbol name, then the ogr-...
  // generic name, and in last resort try pszDefaultSymbol if
  // provided by user.
  char **params;
  int numparams;
  int nSymbol = -1;

  if (pszSymbolId && pszSymbolId[0] != '\0') {
    params = msStringSplit(pszSymbolId, ',', &numparams);
    if (params != NULL) {
      for (int j = 0; j < numparams && nSymbol == -1; j++) {
        nSymbol =
            msGetSymbolIndex(symbolset, params[j], try_addimage_if_notfound);
      }
      msFreeCharArray(params, numparams);
    }
  }
  if (nSymbol == -1 && pszDefaultSymbol) {
    nSymbol = msGetSymbolIndex(symbolset, (char *)pszDefaultSymbol,
                               try_addimage_if_notfound);
  }
  if (nSymbol == -1)
    nSymbol = 0;

  return nSymbol;
}

static int msOGRUpdateStyleParseLabel(mapObj *map, layerObj *layer, classObj *c,
                                      OGRStyleToolH hLabelStyle);
static int msOGRUpdateStyleParsePen(mapObj *map, layerObj *layer, styleObj *s,
                                    OGRStyleToolH hPenStyle, int bIsBrush,
                                    int *pbPriority);
static int msOGRUpdateStyleParseBrush(mapObj *map, layerObj *layer, styleObj *s,
                                      OGRStyleToolH hBrushStyle, int *pbIsBrush,
                                      int *pbPriority);
static int msOGRUpdateStyleParseSymbol(mapObj *map, styleObj *s,
                                       OGRStyleToolH hSymbolStyle,
                                       int *pbPriority);
static int msOGRAddBgColorStyleParseBrush(styleObj *s,
                                          OGRStyleToolH hSymbolStyle);

static int msOGRUpdateStyleCheckPenBrushOnly(OGRStyleMgrH hStyleMgr) {
  int numParts = OGR_SM_GetPartCount(hStyleMgr, NULL);
  int countPen = 0, countBrush = 0;
  int bIsNull;

  for (int i = 0; i < numParts; i++) {
    OGRSTClassId eStylePartType;
    OGRStyleToolH hStylePart = OGR_SM_GetPart(hStyleMgr, i, NULL);
    if (!hStylePart)
      continue;

    eStylePartType = OGR_ST_GetType(hStylePart);
    if (eStylePartType == OGRSTCPen) {
      countPen++;
      OGR_ST_GetParamNum(hStylePart, OGRSTPenPriority, &bIsNull);
      if (!bIsNull) {
        OGR_ST_Destroy(hStylePart);
        return MS_FALSE;
      }
    } else if (eStylePartType == OGRSTCBrush) {
      countBrush++;
      OGR_ST_GetParamNum(hStylePart, OGRSTBrushPriority, &bIsNull);
      if (!bIsNull) {
        OGR_ST_Destroy(hStylePart);
        return MS_FALSE;
      }
    } else if (eStylePartType == OGRSTCSymbol) {
      OGR_ST_Destroy(hStylePart);
      return MS_FALSE;
    }
    OGR_ST_Destroy(hStylePart);
  }
  return (countPen == 1 && countBrush == 1);
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRUpdateStyle()
 *
 * Update the mapserver style according to the ogr style.
 * The function is called by msOGRGetAutoStyle and
 * msOGRUpdateStyleFromString
 **********************************************************************/

typedef struct {
  int nPriority; /* the explicit priority as specified by the 'l' option of PEN,
                    BRUSH and SYMBOL tools */
  int nApparitionIndex; /* the index of the tool as parsed from the OGR feature
                           style string */
} StyleSortStruct;

static int msOGRUpdateStyleSortFct(const void *pA, const void *pB) {
  StyleSortStruct *sssa = (StyleSortStruct *)pA;
  StyleSortStruct *sssb = (StyleSortStruct *)pB;
  if (sssa->nPriority < sssb->nPriority)
    return -1;
  else if (sssa->nPriority > sssb->nPriority)
    return 1;
  else if (sssa->nApparitionIndex < sssb->nApparitionIndex)
    return -1;
  else
    return 1;
}

static int msOGRUpdateStyle(OGRStyleMgrH hStyleMgr, mapObj *map,
                            layerObj *layer, classObj *c) {
  int bIsBrush = MS_FALSE;
  int numParts = OGR_SM_GetPartCount(hStyleMgr, NULL);
  int nPriority;
  int bIsPenBrushOnly = msOGRUpdateStyleCheckPenBrushOnly(hStyleMgr);
  StyleSortStruct *pasSortStruct =
      (StyleSortStruct *)msSmallMalloc(sizeof(StyleSortStruct) * numParts);
  int iSortStruct = 0;
  int iBaseStyleIndex = c->numstyles;
  int i;

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Handle each part
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */

  for (i = 0; i < numParts; i++) {
    OGRSTClassId eStylePartType;
    OGRStyleToolH hStylePart = OGR_SM_GetPart(hStyleMgr, i, NULL);
    if (!hStylePart)
      continue;
    eStylePartType = OGR_ST_GetType(hStylePart);
    nPriority = INT_MIN;

    // We want all size values returned in pixels.
    //
    // The scale factor that OGR expect is the ground/paper scale
    // e.g. if 1 ground unit = 0.01 paper unit then scale=1/0.01=100
    // cellsize if number of ground units/pixel, and OGR assumes that
    // there is 72*39.37 pixels/ground units (since meter is assumed
    // for ground... but what ground units we have does not matter
    // as long as use the same assumptions everywhere)
    // That gives scale = cellsize*72*39.37

    OGR_ST_SetUnit(hStylePart, OGRSTUPixel,
                   map->cellsize * map->resolution / map->defresolution * 72.0 *
                       39.37);

    if (eStylePartType == OGRSTCLabel) {
      int ret = msOGRUpdateStyleParseLabel(map, layer, c, hStylePart);
      if (ret != MS_SUCCESS) {
        OGR_ST_Destroy(hStylePart);
        msFree(pasSortStruct);
        return ret;
      }
    } else if (eStylePartType == OGRSTCPen) {
      styleObj *s;
      int nIndex;
      if (bIsPenBrushOnly) {
        /* Historic behavior when there is a PEN and BRUSH only */
        if (bIsBrush || layer->type == MS_LAYER_POLYGON)
          // This is a multipart symbology, so pen defn goes in the
          // overlaysymbol params
          nIndex = c->numstyles + 1;
        else
          nIndex = c->numstyles;
      } else
        nIndex = c->numstyles;

      if (msMaybeAllocateClassStyle(c, nIndex)) {
        OGR_ST_Destroy(hStylePart);
        msFree(pasSortStruct);
        return (MS_FAILURE);
      }
      s = c->styles[nIndex];

      msOGRUpdateStyleParsePen(map, layer, s, hStylePart, bIsBrush, &nPriority);

    } else if (eStylePartType == OGRSTCBrush) {

      styleObj *s;
      int nIndex = 0;

      int bBgColorIsNull = MS_TRUE;
      OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hStylePart, OGRSTBrushBColor, &bBgColorIsNull);

      if (!bBgColorIsNull) {

        if (msMaybeAllocateClassStyle(c, nIndex)) {
          OGR_ST_Destroy(hStylePart);
          msFree(pasSortStruct);
          return (MS_FAILURE);
        }

        // add a backgroundcolor as a separate style
        s = c->styles[nIndex];
        msOGRAddBgColorStyleParseBrush(s, hStylePart);
      }

      nIndex = (bIsPenBrushOnly) ? nIndex : c->numstyles;

      if (!bBgColorIsNull) {
        // if we have a bgcolor style we need to increase the index
        nIndex += 1;
      }

      /* We need 1 style */
      if (msMaybeAllocateClassStyle(c, nIndex)) {
        OGR_ST_Destroy(hStylePart);
        msFree(pasSortStruct);
        return (MS_FAILURE);
      }
      s = c->styles[nIndex];

      msOGRUpdateStyleParseBrush(map, layer, s, hStylePart, &bIsBrush,
                                 &nPriority);

    } else if (eStylePartType == OGRSTCSymbol) {
      styleObj *s;
      /* We need 1 style */
      int nIndex = c->numstyles;
      if (msMaybeAllocateClassStyle(c, nIndex)) {
        OGR_ST_Destroy(hStylePart);
        msFree(pasSortStruct);
        return (MS_FAILURE);
      }
      s = c->styles[nIndex];

      msOGRUpdateStyleParseSymbol(map, s, hStylePart, &nPriority);
    }

    /* Memorize the explicit priority and apparition order of the parsed
     * tool/style */
    if (!bIsPenBrushOnly &&
        (eStylePartType == OGRSTCPen || eStylePartType == OGRSTCBrush ||
         eStylePartType == OGRSTCSymbol)) {
      pasSortStruct[iSortStruct].nPriority = nPriority;
      pasSortStruct[iSortStruct].nApparitionIndex = iSortStruct;
      iSortStruct++;
    }

    OGR_ST_Destroy(hStylePart);
  }

  if (iSortStruct > 1 && !bIsPenBrushOnly) {
    /* Compute style order based on their explicit priority and apparition order
     */
    qsort(pasSortStruct, iSortStruct, sizeof(StyleSortStruct),
          msOGRUpdateStyleSortFct);

    /* Now reorder styles in c->styles */
    styleObj **ppsStyleTmp =
        (styleObj **)msSmallMalloc(iSortStruct * sizeof(styleObj *));
    memcpy(ppsStyleTmp, c->styles + iBaseStyleIndex,
           iSortStruct * sizeof(styleObj *));
    for (i = 0; i < iSortStruct; i++) {
      c->styles[iBaseStyleIndex + i] =
          ppsStyleTmp[pasSortStruct[i].nApparitionIndex];
    }
    msFree(ppsStyleTmp);
  }

  msFree(pasSortStruct);

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

static int msOGRUpdateStyleParseLabel(mapObj *map, layerObj *layer, classObj *c,
                                      OGRStyleToolH hLabelStyle) {
  int bIsNull;
  int r = 0, g = 0, b = 0, t = 0;

  // Enclose the text string inside quotes to make sure it is seen
  // as a string by the parser inside loadExpression(). (bug185)
  /* See bug 3481 about the isalnum hack */
  const char *labelTextString =
      OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelTextString, &bIsNull);

  if (c->numlabels == 0) {
    /* allocate a new label object */
    if (msGrowClassLabels(c) == NULL)
      return MS_FAILURE;
    c->numlabels++;
    initLabel(c->labels[0]);
  }
  msFreeExpression(&c->labels[0]->text);
  c->labels[0]->text.type = MS_STRING;
  c->labels[0]->text.string = msStrdup(labelTextString);

  c->labels[0]->angle =
      OGR_ST_GetParamDbl(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelAngle, &bIsNull);

  c->labels[0]->size =
      OGR_ST_GetParamDbl(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelSize, &bIsNull);
  if (c->labels[0]->size < 1) /* no point dropping to zero size */
    c->labels[0]->size = 1;

  // OGR default is anchor point = LL, so label is at UR of anchor
  c->labels[0]->position = MS_UR;

  int nPosition = OGR_ST_GetParamNum(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelAnchor, &bIsNull);
  if (!bIsNull) {
    switch (nPosition) {
    case 1:
      c->labels[0]->position = MS_UR;
      break;
    case 2:
      c->labels[0]->position = MS_UC;
      break;
    case 3:
      c->labels[0]->position = MS_UL;
      break;
    case 4:
      c->labels[0]->position = MS_CR;
      break;
    case 5:
      c->labels[0]->position = MS_CC;
      break;
    case 6:
      c->labels[0]->position = MS_CL;
      break;
    case 7:
      c->labels[0]->position = MS_LR;
      break;
    case 8:
      c->labels[0]->position = MS_LC;
      break;
    case 9:
      c->labels[0]->position = MS_LL;
      break;
    case 10:
      c->labels[0]->position = MS_UR;
      break; /*approximate*/
    case 11:
      c->labels[0]->position = MS_UC;
      break;
    case 12:
      c->labels[0]->position = MS_UL;
      break;
    default:
      break;
    }
  }

  const char *pszColor =
      OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelFColor, &bIsNull);
  if (!bIsNull &&
      OGR_ST_GetRGBFromString(hLabelStyle, pszColor, &r, &g, &b, &t)) {
    MS_INIT_COLOR(c->labels[0]->color, r, g, b, t);
  }

  pszColor = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelHColor, &bIsNull);
  if (!bIsNull &&
      OGR_ST_GetRGBFromString(hLabelStyle, pszColor, &r, &g, &b, &t)) {
    MS_INIT_COLOR(c->labels[0]->shadowcolor, r, g, b, t);
  }

  pszColor = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelOColor, &bIsNull);
  if (!bIsNull &&
      OGR_ST_GetRGBFromString(hLabelStyle, pszColor, &r, &g, &b, &t)) {
    MS_INIT_COLOR(c->labels[0]->outlinecolor, r, g, b, t);
  }

  const char *pszBold =
      OGR_ST_GetParamNum(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelBold, &bIsNull) ? "-bold" : "";
  const char *pszItalic =
      OGR_ST_GetParamNum(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelItalic, &bIsNull) ? "-italic"
                                                                  : "";
  const char *pszFontName =
      OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hLabelStyle, OGRSTLabelFontName, &bIsNull);
  /* replace spaces with hyphens to allow mapping to a valid hashtable entry*/
  char *pszFontNameEscaped = NULL;
  if (pszFontName != NULL) {
    pszFontNameEscaped = msStrdup(pszFontName);
    msReplaceChar(pszFontNameEscaped, ' ', '-');
  }

  bool bFont = true;

  if (pszFontNameEscaped != NULL && !bIsNull && pszFontNameEscaped[0] != '\0') {
    const char *pszName =
        CPLSPrintf("%s%s%s", pszFontNameEscaped, pszBold, pszItalic);
    if (msLookupHashTable(&(map->fontset.fonts), (char *)pszName) != NULL) {
      c->labels[0]->font = msStrdup(pszName);
      if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
        msDebug("** Using '%s' TTF font **\n", pszName);
    } else if ((strcmp(pszFontNameEscaped, pszName) != 0) &&
               msLookupHashTable(&(map->fontset.fonts),
                                 (char *)pszFontNameEscaped) != NULL) {
      c->labels[0]->font = msStrdup(pszFontNameEscaped);
      if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
        msDebug("** Using '%s' TTF font **\n", pszFontNameEscaped);
    } else if (msLookupHashTable(&(map->fontset.fonts), "default") != NULL) {
      c->labels[0]->font = msStrdup("default");
      if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
        msDebug("** Using 'default' TTF font **\n");
    } else
      bFont = false;
  }

  msFree(pszFontNameEscaped);

  if (!bFont) {
    c->labels[0]->size = MS_MEDIUM;
  }

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

static int msOGRUpdateStyleParsePen(mapObj *map, layerObj *layer, styleObj *s,
                                    OGRStyleToolH hPenStyle, int bIsBrush,
                                    int *pbPriority) {
  int bIsNull;
  int r = 0, g = 0, b = 0, t = 0;

  const char *pszPenName, *pszPattern, *pszCap, *pszJoin;
  colorObj oPenColor;
  int nPenSymbol = 0;
  int nPenSize = 1;
  t = -1;
  double pattern[MS_MAXPATTERNLENGTH];
  int patternlength = 0;
  int linecap = MS_CJC_DEFAULT_CAPS;
  int linejoin = MS_CJC_DEFAULT_JOINS;
  double offsetx = 0.0;
  double offsety = 0.0;

  // Make sure pen is always initialized
  MS_INIT_COLOR(oPenColor, -1, -1, -1, 255);

  pszPenName = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hPenStyle, OGRSTPenId, &bIsNull);
  if (bIsNull)
    pszPenName = NULL;
  // Check for Pen Pattern "ogr-pen-1": the invisible pen
  // If that's what we have then set pen color to -1
  if (pszPenName && strstr(pszPenName, "ogr-pen-1") != NULL) {
    MS_INIT_COLOR(oPenColor, -1, -1, -1, 255);
  } else {
    const char *pszColor =
        OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hPenStyle, OGRSTPenColor, &bIsNull);
    if (!bIsNull &&
        OGR_ST_GetRGBFromString(hPenStyle, pszColor, &r, &g, &b, &t)) {
      MS_INIT_COLOR(oPenColor, r, g, b, t);
      if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
        msDebug("** PEN COLOR = %d %d %d **\n", r, g, b);
    }

    nPenSize = OGR_ST_GetParamNum(hPenStyle, OGRSTPenWidth, &bIsNull);
    if (bIsNull)
      nPenSize = 1;
    if (pszPenName != NULL) {
      // Try to match pen name in symbol file
      nPenSymbol =
          msOGRGetSymbolId(&(map->symbolset), pszPenName, NULL, MS_FALSE);
    }
  }

  if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
    msDebug("** PEN COLOR = %d %d %d **\n", oPenColor.red, oPenColor.green,
            oPenColor.blue);

  pszPattern = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hPenStyle, OGRSTPenPattern, &bIsNull);
  if (bIsNull)
    pszPattern = NULL;
  if (pszPattern != NULL) {
    char **papszTokens =
        CSLTokenizeStringComplex(pszPattern, " ", FALSE, FALSE);
    int nTokenCount = CSLCount(papszTokens);
    int bValidFormat = TRUE;
    if (nTokenCount >= 2 && nTokenCount <= MS_MAXPATTERNLENGTH) {
      for (int i = 0; i < nTokenCount; i++) {
        if (strlen(papszTokens[i]) > 2 &&
            strcmp(papszTokens[i] + strlen(papszTokens[i]) - 2, "px") == 0) {
          pattern[patternlength++] = CPLAtof(papszTokens[i]);
        } else {
          bValidFormat = FALSE;
          patternlength = 0;
          break;
        }
      }
    } else
      bValidFormat = FALSE;
    if (!bValidFormat && layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
      msDebug("Invalid/unhandled pen pattern format = %s\n", pszPattern);
    CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
  }

  pszCap = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hPenStyle, OGRSTPenCap, &bIsNull);
  if (bIsNull)
    pszCap = NULL;
  if (pszCap != NULL) {
    /* Note: the default in OGR Feature style is BUTT, but the MapServer */
    /* default is ROUND. Currently use MapServer default. */
    if (strcmp(pszCap, "b") == 0) /* BUTT */
      linecap = MS_CJC_BUTT;
    else if (strcmp(pszCap, "r") == 0) /* ROUND */
      linecap = MS_CJC_ROUND;
    else if (strcmp(pszCap, "p") == 0) /* PROJECTING */
      linecap = MS_CJC_SQUARE;
    else if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
      msDebug("Invalid/unhandled pen cap = %s\n", pszCap);
  }

  pszJoin = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hPenStyle, OGRSTPenJoin, &bIsNull);
  if (bIsNull)
    pszJoin = NULL;
  if (pszJoin != NULL) {
    /* Note: the default in OGR Feature style is MITER, but the MapServer */
    /* default is NONE. Currently use MapServer default. */
    if (strcmp(pszJoin, "m") == 0) /* MITTER */
      linejoin = MS_CJC_MITER;
    else if (strcmp(pszJoin, "r") == 0) /* ROUND */
      linejoin = MS_CJC_ROUND;
    else if (strcmp(pszJoin, "b") == 0) /* BEVEL */
      linejoin = MS_CJC_BEVEL;
    else if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
      msDebug("Invalid/unhandled pen join = %s\n", pszJoin);
  }

  offsetx = OGR_ST_GetParamDbl(hPenStyle, OGRSTPenPerOffset, &bIsNull);
  if (bIsNull)
    offsetx = 0;
  if (offsetx != 0.0) {
    /* OGR feature style and MapServer conventions related to offset */
    /* sign are the same : negative values for left of line, positive for */
    /* right of line */
    offsety = MS_STYLE_SINGLE_SIDED_OFFSET;
  }

  if (bIsBrush || layer->type == MS_LAYER_POLYGON) {
    // This is a multipart symbology, so pen defn goes in the
    // overlaysymbol params
    s->outlinecolor = oPenColor;
  } else {
    // Single part symbology
    s->color = oPenColor;
  }

  s->symbol = nPenSymbol;
  s->size = nPenSize;
  s->width = nPenSize;
  s->linecap = linecap;
  s->linejoin = linejoin;
  s->offsetx = offsetx;
  s->offsety = offsety;
  s->patternlength = patternlength;
  if (patternlength > 0)
    memcpy(s->pattern, pattern, sizeof(double) * patternlength);

  int nPriority = OGR_ST_GetParamNum(hPenStyle, OGRSTPenPriority, &bIsNull);
  if (!bIsNull)
    *pbPriority = nPriority;

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

static int msOGRAddBgColorStyleParseBrush(styleObj *s,
                                          OGRStyleToolH hBrushStyle) {
  int bIsNull;
  int r = 0, g = 0, b = 0, t = 0;
  const char *pszColor =
      OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hBrushStyle, OGRSTBrushBColor, &bIsNull);

  if (!bIsNull &&
      OGR_ST_GetRGBFromString(hBrushStyle, pszColor, &r, &g, &b, &t)) {
    MS_INIT_COLOR(s->color, r, g, b, t);
  }
  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

static int msOGRUpdateStyleParseBrush(mapObj *map, layerObj *layer, styleObj *s,
                                      OGRStyleToolH hBrushStyle, int *pbIsBrush,
                                      int *pbPriority) {
  int bIsNull;
  int r = 0, g = 0, b = 0, t = 0;

  const char *pszBrushName =
      OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hBrushStyle, OGRSTBrushId, &bIsNull);
  if (bIsNull)
    pszBrushName = NULL;

  // Check for Brush Pattern "ogr-brush-1": the invisible fill
  // If that's what we have then set fill color to -1
  if (pszBrushName && strstr(pszBrushName, "ogr-brush-1") != NULL) {
    MS_INIT_COLOR(s->color, -1, -1, -1, 255);
  } else {
    *pbIsBrush = TRUE;
    const char *pszColor =
        OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hBrushStyle, OGRSTBrushFColor, &bIsNull);
    if (!bIsNull &&
        OGR_ST_GetRGBFromString(hBrushStyle, pszColor, &r, &g, &b, &t)) {
      MS_INIT_COLOR(s->color, r, g, b, t);

      if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
        msDebug("** BRUSH COLOR = %d %d %d **\n", r, g, b);
    }

    // Symbol name mapping:
    // First look for the native symbol name, then the ogr-...
    // generic name.
    // If none provided or found then use 0: solid fill

    const char *pszName =
        OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hBrushStyle, OGRSTBrushId, &bIsNull);
    s->symbol = msOGRGetSymbolId(&(map->symbolset), pszName, NULL, MS_FALSE);

    double angle = OGR_ST_GetParamDbl(hBrushStyle, OGRSTBrushAngle, &bIsNull);
    if (!bIsNull)
      s->angle = angle;

    double size = OGR_ST_GetParamDbl(hBrushStyle, OGRSTBrushSize, &bIsNull);
    if (!bIsNull)
      s->size = size;

    double spacingx = OGR_ST_GetParamDbl(hBrushStyle, OGRSTBrushDx, &bIsNull);
    if (!bIsNull) {
      double spacingy = OGR_ST_GetParamDbl(hBrushStyle, OGRSTBrushDy, &bIsNull);
      if (!bIsNull) {
        if (spacingx == spacingy)
          s->gap = spacingx;
        else if (layer->debug >= MS_DEBUGLEVEL_VVV)
          msDebug("Ignoring brush dx and dy since they don't have the same "
                  "value\n");
      }
    }
  }

  int nPriority = OGR_ST_GetParamNum(hBrushStyle, OGRSTBrushPriority, &bIsNull);
  if (!bIsNull)
    *pbPriority = nPriority;

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

static int msOGRUpdateStyleParseSymbol(mapObj *map, styleObj *s,
                                       OGRStyleToolH hSymbolStyle,
                                       int *pbPriority) {
  int bIsNull;
  int r = 0, g = 0, b = 0, t = 0;

  const char *pszColor =
      OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hSymbolStyle, OGRSTSymbolColor, &bIsNull);
  if (!bIsNull &&
      OGR_ST_GetRGBFromString(hSymbolStyle, pszColor, &r, &g, &b, &t)) {
    MS_INIT_COLOR(s->color, r, g, b, t);
  }

  pszColor = OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hSymbolStyle, OGRSTSymbolOColor, &bIsNull);
  if (!bIsNull &&
      OGR_ST_GetRGBFromString(hSymbolStyle, pszColor, &r, &g, &b, &t)) {
    MS_INIT_COLOR(s->outlinecolor, r, g, b, t);
  }

  s->angle = OGR_ST_GetParamNum(hSymbolStyle, OGRSTSymbolAngle, &bIsNull);
  double dfTmp = OGR_ST_GetParamNum(hSymbolStyle, OGRSTSymbolSize, &bIsNull);
  if (!bIsNull)
    s->size = dfTmp;

  // Symbol name mapping:
  // First look for the native symbol name, then the ogr-...
  // generic name, and in last resort try "default-marker" if
  // provided by user.
  const char *pszName =
      OGR_ST_GetParamStr(hSymbolStyle, OGRSTSymbolId, &bIsNull);
  if (bIsNull)
    pszName = NULL;

  int try_addimage_if_notfound = MS_FALSE;
#ifdef USE_CURL
  if (pszName && strncasecmp(pszName, "http", 4) == 0)
    try_addimage_if_notfound = MS_TRUE;
#endif
  if (!s->symbolname)
    s->symbol = msOGRGetSymbolId(&(map->symbolset), pszName, "default-marker",
                                 try_addimage_if_notfound);

  int nPriority =
      OGR_ST_GetParamNum(hSymbolStyle, OGRSTSymbolPriority, &bIsNull);
  if (!bIsNull)
    *pbPriority = nPriority;

  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRLayerGetAutoStyle()
 *
 * Fills a classObj with style info from the specified shape.
 * For optimal results, this should be called immediately after
 * GetNextShape() or GetShape() so that the shape doesn't have to be read
 * twice.
 *
 * The returned classObj is a ref. to a static structure valid only until
 * the next call and that shouldn't be freed by the caller.
 **********************************************************************/
static int msOGRLayerGetAutoStyle(mapObj *map, layerObj *layer, classObj *c,
                                  shapeObj *shape) {
  msOGRFileInfo *psInfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;

  if (psInfo == NULL || psInfo->hLayer == NULL) {
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR, "Assertion failed: OGR layer not opened!!!",
               "msOGRLayerGetAutoStyle()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  if (layer->tileindex != NULL) {
    if ((psInfo->poCurTile == NULL ||
         shape->tileindex != psInfo->poCurTile->nTileId) &&
        msOGRFileReadTile(layer, psInfo) != MS_SUCCESS)
      return MS_FAILURE;

    psInfo = psInfo->poCurTile;
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Read shape or reuse ref. to last shape read.
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
  if (psInfo->hLastFeature == NULL ||
      psInfo->last_record_index_read != shape->resultindex) {
    RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
    msSetError(MS_MISCERR,
               "Assertion failed: AutoStyle not requested on loaded shape.",
               "msOGRLayerGetAutoStyle()");
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Reset style info in the class to defaults
   * the only members we don't touch are name, expression, and join/query stuff
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  resetClassStyle(c);
  if (msMaybeAllocateClassStyle(c, 0)) {
    RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  // __TODO__ label cache incompatible with styleitem feature.
  layer->labelcache = MS_OFF;

  int nRetVal = MS_SUCCESS;
  if (psInfo->hLastFeature) {
    OGRStyleMgrH hStyleMgr = OGR_SM_Create(NULL);
    OGR_SM_InitFromFeature(hStyleMgr, psInfo->hLastFeature);
    nRetVal = msOGRUpdateStyle(hStyleMgr, map, layer, c);
    OGR_SM_Destroy(hStyleMgr);
  }

  RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
  return nRetVal;
}

/**********************************************************************
 *                     msOGRUpdateStyleFromString()
 *
 * Fills a classObj with style info from the specified style string.
 * For optimal results, this should be called immediately after
 * GetNextShape() or GetShape() so that the shape doesn't have to be read
 * twice.
 *
 * The returned classObj is a ref. to a static structure valid only until
 * the next call and that shouldn't be freed by the caller.
 **********************************************************************/
int msOGRUpdateStyleFromString(mapObj *map, layerObj *layer, classObj *c,
                               const char *stylestring) {
  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
   * Reset style info in the class to defaults
   * the only members we don't touch are name, expression, and join/query stuff
   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
  resetClassStyle(c);
  if (msMaybeAllocateClassStyle(c, 0)) {
    return (MS_FAILURE);
  }

  // __TODO__ label cache incompatible with styleitem feature.
  layer->labelcache = MS_OFF;

  int nRetVal = MS_SUCCESS;

  ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;

  OGRStyleMgrH hStyleMgr = OGR_SM_Create(NULL);
  OGR_SM_InitStyleString(hStyleMgr, stylestring);
  nRetVal = msOGRUpdateStyle(hStyleMgr, map, layer, c);
  OGR_SM_Destroy(hStyleMgr);

  RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
  return nRetVal;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           msOGRLCleanup()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void msOGRCleanup(void)

{
  ACQUIRE_OGR_LOCK;
  if (bOGRDriversRegistered == MS_TRUE) {
    CPLPopErrorHandler();
    bOGRDriversRegistered = MS_FALSE;
  }
  RELEASE_OGR_LOCK;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           msOGREscapeSQLParam                        */
/************************************************************************/
char *msOGREscapePropertyName(layerObj *layer, const char *pszString) {
  char *pszEscapedStr = NULL;
  if (layer && pszString && strlen(pszString) > 0) {
    pszEscapedStr = (char *)msSmallMalloc(strlen(pszString) * 2 + 1);
    int j = 0;
    for (int i = 0; pszString[i] != '\0'; ++i) {
      if (pszString[i] == '"') {
        pszEscapedStr[j++] = '"';
        pszEscapedStr[j++] = '"';
      } else
        pszEscapedStr[j++] = pszString[i];
    }
    pszEscapedStr[j] = 0;
  }
  return pszEscapedStr;
}

static int msOGRLayerSupportsCommonFilters(layerObj *) { return MS_FALSE; }

static void msOGREnablePaging(layerObj *layer, int value) {
  msOGRFileInfo *layerinfo = NULL;

  if (layer->debug) {
    msDebug("msOGREnablePaging(%d) called.\n", value);
  }

  if (!msOGRLayerIsOpen(layer)) {
    if (msOGRLayerOpenVT(layer) != MS_SUCCESS) {
      return;
    }
  }

  assert(layer->layerinfo != NULL);

  layerinfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;
  layerinfo->bPaging = value;
}

static int msOGRGetPaging(layerObj *layer) {
  msOGRFileInfo *layerinfo = NULL;

  if (layer->debug) {
    msDebug("msOGRGetPaging called.\n");
  }

  if (!msOGRLayerIsOpen(layer)) {
    if (msOGRLayerOpenVT(layer) != MS_SUCCESS) {
      return FALSE;
    }
  }

  assert(layer->layerinfo != NULL);

  layerinfo = (msOGRFileInfo *)layer->layerinfo;
  return layerinfo->bPaging;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                  msOGRLayerInitializeVirtualTable()                  */
/************************************************************************/
int msOGRLayerInitializeVirtualTable(layerObj *layer) {
  assert(layer != NULL);
  assert(layer->vtable != NULL);

  layer->vtable->LayerTranslateFilter = msOGRTranslateMsExpressionToOGRSQL;

  layer->vtable->LayerSupportsCommonFilters = msOGRLayerSupportsCommonFilters;
  layer->vtable->LayerInitItemInfo = msOGRLayerInitItemInfo;
  layer->vtable->LayerFreeItemInfo = msOGRLayerFreeItemInfo;
  layer->vtable->LayerOpen = msOGRLayerOpenVT;
  layer->vtable->LayerIsOpen = msOGRLayerIsOpen;
  layer->vtable->LayerWhichShapes = msOGRLayerWhichShapes;
  layer->vtable->LayerNextShape = msOGRLayerNextShape;
  layer->vtable->LayerGetShape = msOGRLayerGetShape;
  /* layer->vtable->LayerGetShapeCount, use default */
  layer->vtable->LayerClose = msOGRLayerClose;
  layer->vtable->LayerGetItems = msOGRLayerGetItems;
  layer->vtable->LayerGetExtent = msOGRLayerGetExtent;
  layer->vtable->LayerGetAutoStyle = msOGRLayerGetAutoStyle;
  /* layer->vtable->LayerCloseConnection, use default */
  layer->vtable->LayerApplyFilterToLayer = msLayerApplyCondSQLFilterToLayer;
  layer->vtable->LayerSetTimeFilter = msLayerMakeBackticsTimeFilter;
  /* layer->vtable->LayerCreateItems, use default */
  layer->vtable->LayerGetNumFeatures = msOGRLayerGetNumFeatures;
  /* layer->vtable->LayerGetAutoProjection, use default*/

  layer->vtable->LayerEscapeSQLParam = msOGREscapeSQLParam;
  layer->vtable->LayerEscapePropertyName = msOGREscapePropertyName;
  layer->vtable->LayerEnablePaging = msOGREnablePaging;
  layer->vtable->LayerGetPaging = msOGRGetPaging;
  return MS_SUCCESS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         msOGRShapeFromWKT()                          */
/************************************************************************/
shapeObj *msOGRShapeFromWKT(const char *string) {

  OGRGeometryH hGeom = NULL;
  shapeObj *shape = NULL;

  if (!string)
    return NULL;

  if (OGR_G_CreateFromWkt((char **)&string, NULL, &hGeom) != OGRERR_NONE) {
    msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "Failed to parse WKT string.", "msOGRShapeFromWKT()");
    return NULL;
  }

  /* Initialize a corresponding shapeObj */

  shape = (shapeObj *)malloc(sizeof(shapeObj));
  msInitShape(shape);

  /* translate WKT into an OGRGeometry. */

  if (msOGRGeometryToShape(hGeom, shape,
                           wkbFlatten(OGR_G_GetGeometryType(hGeom))) ==
      MS_FAILURE) {
    msFreeShape(shape);
    free(shape);
    shape = NULL;
  }

  OGR_G_DestroyGeometry(hGeom);

  return shape;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          msOGRShapeToWKT()                           */
/************************************************************************/
char *msOGRShapeToWKT(shapeObj *shape) {
  OGRGeometryH hGeom = NULL;
  int i;
  char *wkt = NULL;

  if (!shape)
    return NULL;

  if (shape->type == MS_SHAPE_POINT && shape->numlines == 1 &&
      shape->line[0].numpoints == 1) {
    hGeom = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbPoint);
    OGR_G_SetPoint_2D(hGeom, 0, shape->line[0].point[0].x,
                      shape->line[0].point[0].y);
  } else if (shape->type == MS_SHAPE_POINT && shape->numlines == 1 &&
             shape->line[0].numpoints > 1) {
    hGeom = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbMultiPoint);
    for (i = 0; i < shape->line[0].numpoints; i++) {
      OGRGeometryH hPoint;

      hPoint = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbPoint);
      OGR_G_SetPoint_2D(hPoint, 0, shape->line[0].point[i].x,
                        shape->line[0].point[i].y);
      OGR_G_AddGeometryDirectly(hGeom, hPoint);
    }
  } else if (shape->type == MS_SHAPE_LINE && shape->numlines == 1) {
    hGeom = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbLineString);
    for (i = 0; i < shape->line[0].numpoints; i++) {
      OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hGeom, shape->line[0].point[i].x,
                        shape->line[0].point[i].y);
    }
  } else if (shape->type == MS_SHAPE_LINE && shape->numlines > 1) {
    OGRGeometryH hMultiLine = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbMultiLineString);
    int iLine;

    for (iLine = 0; iLine < shape->numlines; iLine++) {
      hGeom = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbLineString);
      for (i = 0; i < shape->line[iLine].numpoints; i++) {
        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hGeom, shape->line[iLine].point[i].x,
                          shape->line[iLine].point[i].y);
      }

      OGR_G_AddGeometryDirectly(hMultiLine, hGeom);
    }

    hGeom = hMultiLine;
  } else if (shape->type == MS_SHAPE_POLYGON) {
    int iLine;

    /* actually, it is pretty hard to be sure rings 1+ are interior */
    hGeom = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbPolygon);
    for (iLine = 0; iLine < shape->numlines; iLine++) {
      OGRGeometryH hRing;
      hRing = OGR_G_CreateGeometry(wkbLinearRing);

      for (i = 0; i < shape->line[iLine].numpoints; i++) {
        OGR_G_AddPoint_2D(hRing, shape->line[iLine].point[i].x,
                          shape->line[iLine].point[i].y);
      }
      OGR_G_AddGeometryDirectly(hGeom, hRing);
    }
  } else {
    msSetError(MS_OGRERR, "OGR support is not available.", "msOGRShapeToWKT()");
  }

  if (hGeom != NULL) {
    char *pszOGRWkt;

    OGR_G_ExportToWkt(hGeom, &pszOGRWkt);
    wkt = msStrdup(pszOGRWkt);
    CPLFree(pszOGRWkt);
  }

  return wkt;
}
