Date: 1805-12-03
President: Thomas Jefferson

To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:  At a moment when the nations of Europe are in commotion and arming against each   other, and when those with whom we have principle intercourse are engaged in   the general contest, and when the countenance of some of them toward our peaceable   country threatens that even that may not be affected by what is passing on the   general theater, a meeting of the representatives of the nation in both Houses   of Congress has become more than usually desirable. Coming from every section   of our country, they bring with them the sentiments and the information of the   whole, And will be enabled to give direction to the public affairs which the   will and the wisdom of the whole will approve and support.In taking a view of the state of our country we in the first place notice the   late affliction of two of our cities under the fatal fever which in latter times   has occasionally visited our shores. Providence in His goodness gave it an early   termination on this occasion and lessened the number of victims which have usually   fallen before it. In the course of the several visitations by this disease it   has appeared that it is strictly local, incident to cities and on the tide waters   only, incommunicable in the country either by persons under the disease or by   goods carried from diseased places; that its access is with the autumn and it   disappears with the early frosts. These restrictions within narrow limits of   time and space give security even to our maritime cities three fourths of the   year, and to the country always. Although from these facts it appears unnecessary,   yet to satisfy the fears of foreign nations and cautions on their part not to   be complained of in a danger whose limits are yet unknown to them I have strictly   enjoined on the officers at the head of customs to certify with exact truth,   for every vessel sailing for a foreign port the state of health respecting this   fever which prevails at the place from which she sails.. Under every motive   from character and duty to certify the truth, I have no doubt they have faithfully   executed this injunction. Much real injury has, however, been sustained from   a propensity to identify with this endemic and to call by the same name fevers   of very different kinds, which have been placed among those deemed contagious.   As we advance in our knowledge of this disease, as facts develop the source   from which individuals receive it, the State authorities charged with the care   of the public health, and Congress with that of the general commerce, will become   able to regulate with effect their respective functions in these departments.   The burthen of quarantines is felt at home as well as abroad; their efficacy   merits examination. Although the health laws of the States should be found to   need no present revisal by Congress, yet commerce claims that their attention   be ever awake to them.Since our last meeting the aspect of our foreign relations has considerably   changed. Our coasts have been infested and our harbors watched by private armed   vessels, some of them without commissions, some with illegal commissions, others   with those legal form. But committing piratical acts beyond the authority of   their commissions. They have captured in the very entrance of our harbors ,   as well as on the high seas, not only the vessels of our friends coming to trade   with us, but our own also. They have carried them off under pretense of legal   adjudication but not daring to approach a court of justice, they have plundered   and sunk them by the way or in obscure places where no evidence could arise   against them, maltreated the crews, and abandoned them in boats in the open   sea or on desert shores without food or covering. These enormities appearing   to be unreached by any control of their sovereigns, I found it necessary to   equip a force to cruise within our own seas, to arrest all vessels of these   descriptions found hovering on our coasts within the limits of the Gulf Stream   and to bring the offenders in for trial as pirates.The same system of hovering on our coasts and harbors under color of seeking   enemies has been also carried on by public armed ships to the great annoyance   and oppression of our commerce. New principles, too, have been interpolated   into the law of nations, founded neither in justice nor the usage or acknowledgment   of nations. According to these belligerent takes to itself a commerce with its   own enemy which it denies to a neutral on the ground of its aiding that enemy   in the war; but reason revolts at such an inconsistency, and the neutral having   equal right with the belligerent to decide the question, the interests of our   constituents and the duty of maintaining the authority of reason, the only umpire   between just nations, impose on us the obligation of providing an effectual   and determined opposition to a doctrine so injurious to the rights of peaceable   nations. Indeed, the confidence we ought to have in the justice of others still   countenances the hope that a sounder view of those rights will of itself induce   from every belligerent a more correct observance of them.With Spain our negotiations for a settlement of differences have not had a   satisfactory issue. Spoliations during a former war, for which she had formally   acknowledged herself responsible, have been refused to be compensated but on   conditions affecting other claims in no wise connected with them. Yet the same   practices are renewed in the present war and are already of great amount. On   the Mobile, our commerce passing through that river continues to be obstructed   by arbitrary duties and vexatious searches. Propositions for adjusting amicably   the boundaries of Louisana have not been acceded to. While, however, the right   is unsettled, we have avoided changing the state of things by taking new posts   or strengthening ourselves in the disputed territories, in the hope that the   other power would not by contrary conduct oblige us to meet their example and   endanger conflicts of authority the issue of which may not be easily controlled.   But in this hope we have now reason to lessen our confidence. Inroads have been   recently made into the Territories of Orleans and the Mississippi, our citizens   have been seized and their property plundered in the very parts of the former   which had been actually delivered up by Spain, and this by the regular officers   and soldiers of that Government. I have therefore found it necessary at length   to give orders to our troops on that frontier to be in readiness to protect   our citizens, and to repel by arms any similar aggressions in future. Other   details necessary for your full information of the state of things between this   country and that shall be the subject of another communication.In reviewing these injuries from some of the belligerent powers the moderation,   the firmness, and the wisdom of the Legislature will all be called into action.   We ought still to hope that time and a more correct estimate of interest as   well as of character will produce the justice we are bound to expect. But should   any nation deceive itself by false calculations and disappointment that expectation,   we must join in unprofitable contest of trying which party can do the other   the most harm. Some of these injuries may perhaps admit a peaceable remedy.   Where that is competent it is always the most desirable. But some of them are   of a nature to be met by force only, and all of them may lead to it. I can not,   therefore, but recommend such preparations as circumstances call for. The first   object is to place our seaport town out of danger of insult. Measures have been   already taken for furnishing them with heavy cannon for the service of such   land batteries as may make apart of their defense against armed vessels approaching   them. In aid of these it is desirable we should have a competent number of gunboats,   and the number, to be competent, must be considerable. If immediately begun,   they may be in readiness for service at the opening of the next season. Whether   it will be necessary to augment our land forces will be decided buy occurrences   probably in the course of your session. In the meantime you will consider whether   it would not be expedient for a state of peace as well as war so to organize   or class the militia as would enable us on any sudden emergency to call for   the services of the younger portions unencumbered with the old and those having   families. Upward of 300,000 able-bodied men between the ages of 18 and 26 years,   which the last census shews we may now count within our limits, will furnish   a competent number for offense or defense in any point where they may be wanted,   and will give time for raising regular forces after the necessity of them shall   become certain; and the reducing to the early period of life all its active   service can not but be desirable to our younger citizens of the present as well   as future times, inasmuch as it engages to them in more advanced age a quiet   and undisturbed repose in the bosom of their families. I can not, then, but   earnestly recommend to your early consideration the expediency of so modifying   our militia system as, by a separation of the more active part from that which   is less so, we may draw from it when necessary an efficient corps fit for real   and active service, and to be called to it in regular rotation.Considerable provision has been made under former authorities from Congress   of materials for the construction of ships of war of 74 guns. These materials   are on hand subject to the further will of the Legislature.Turning from these unpleasant views of violence and wrong, I congratulate you   on the liberation of our fellow-citizens who were stranded on the coast of Tripoli   and made prisoners of war. In a government bottomed on the will of all the life   and liberty of every individual citizen become interesting to all. In the treaty,   therefore, which has concluded our warefare with that State an article for the   ransom of our citizens has been agreed to. An operation by land by a small band   of our countrymen and others, engaged for the occasion in conjunction with the   troops of the ex-Bashaw of that county, gallantly conducted by our late consul,   Eaton, and their successful enterprise on the city of Derne, contributed doubtless   to the impression which produced peace, and the concluison of this prevented   opportunities of which the officers and men of our squadron destined for Tripoli   would have availed themselves to emulate the acts of valor exhibited by their   brethren in the attack of last year. Reflecting with high satisfaction on the   distinguished bravery displayed whenever occasions permitted in the late Mediterranean   service, I think it would be an useful encouragement as well as a just reward   to make an opening for some present promotion by enlarging our peace establishment   of captains and lieutenants.With Tunis some misunderstandings have arisen not yet sufficiently explained,   but friendly discussions with their ambassador recently arrived and a mutual   disposition to do whatever is just and reasonable can not fail of dissipating   these, so that we may consider our peace on that coast, generally, to be on   as sound a footing as it has been at any preceding time. Still, it will not   be expedient to withdraw immediately the whole of our force from that sea.The law providing for a naval peace establishment fixes the number of frigates   which shall be kept in constant service in time of peace, and prescribes that   they shall be manned by not more than two-thirds of their complement of seamen   and ordinary seamen. Whether a frigate may be trusted to two-thirds only of   her proper complement of men must depend on the nature of the service on which   she is ordered; that may sometimes, for her safety as well as to insure her   object, require her fullest complement. In adverting to this subject Congress   will perhaps consider whether the best limitation on the Executive discretion   in this case would not be by the number of seamen which may be employed in the   whole service rather than by the number of the vessels. Occasions oftener arise   for the employment of small than of large vessels, and it would lessen risk   as well as expense to be authorized to employ them of preference. The limitation   suggested by the number of seamen would admit a selection of vessels best adapted   to the service.Our Indian neighbors are advancing, many of them with spirit, and others beginning   to engage in the pursuits of agriculture and household manufacture. They are   becoming sensible that the earth yields subsistence with less labor and more   certainty than the forest, and find it their interest from time e to time to   dispose of parts of their surplus and waste lands for the means of improving   those they occupy and of subsisting their families while they are preparing   their farms. Since your last session the Northern tribes have sold to us the   lands between the Connecticut Reserve and the former Indian boundary and those   on the Ohio rom the same boundary to the rapids and for a considerable depth   inland. The Chickasaws and Cherokees have sold us the country between and adjacent   to the two districts of Tennessee, and the Creeks the residue of their lands   in the fork of Ocmulgee up to the Olcofauhatche. The three former purchases   are important, inasmuch as they consolidate disjoined parts of our settled country   and render their intercourse secure; and the second particularly so, as , with   the small point on the river which we expect is by this time ceded by the Piankeshaws,   it completes our possession of the whole of both banks of the Ohio from its   source to near its mouth, and the navigation of that river is thereby rendered   forever safe to our citizens settled and settling on its extensive waters. The   purchase from the Creeks, too, has been for some time particularly interesting   to the State of Georgia.The several treaties which have been mentioned will be submitted to both houses   of Congress for the exercise of their respective functions.Deputations now on their way to the seat of Government from various nations   of Indians inhabiting the Missouri and other parts beyond the Mississippi come   charged with assurances of their satisfaction with the new relations in which   they are placed with us, of their dispositions to cultivate our peace and friendship,   and their desire to enter into commercial intercourse with us. A state of our   progress in exploring the principle rivers of that country, and of the information   respecting them hitherto obtained, will be communicated so soon as we shall   receive some further relations which we have reason shortly to expect.The receipts at the Treasury during the year ending on the 30th day of September   last have exceeded the sum 13,000,000, which , with not quite five millions   in the Treasury at the beginning of the year have enabled us after meeting other   demands to pay nearly two millions of the debt contracted under the British   treaty and convention upward of four millions of principle of the public debt   and four millions of interest. These payments, with those which had been made   in three years and a half preceding, have extinguished of the funded debt nearly   eighteen millions of principle. Congress by their act of November 10, 1803,   authorized us to borrow $1,750,000 toward meeting the claims of our citizens   assumed by the convention with France. We have not, however, made use o this   authority, because the sum of four millions and a half which remained in the   Treasury on the same 30th day of September last, with receipts which we may   calculate on for the ensuing year, besides paying the annual sum of $8,000,000   appropriated to the funded debt and meeting all the current demands which may   be expected, will enable us to pay the whole sum of $3,750,000 assumed by the   French convention and still leave us a surplus of nearly $1,000,000 at our free   disposal. Should you concur in the provisions of arms and armed vessels recommended   by the circumstances of the times, this surplus will furnish the means of doing   so.On this first occasion of addressing Congress since, by the choice of my constituents,   I have entered on a second term of administration, I embrace the opportunity   to give this public assurance that I will exert my best endeavors to administer   faithfully the executive department, and will zealously cooperate with you in   every measure which may tend to secure the liberty, property, and personal safety   of our fellow-citizens, and to consolidate the republican forms and principles   of our Government.In the course of your session you shall receive all the aid which I can give   for the dispatch of public business, and all the information necessary for your   deliberations, of which the interests of our own country and the confidence   reposed in us by others will admit a communication.