package input

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib/fclient"
	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib/spec"
	"github.com/matrix-org/util"
	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"

	fedapi "github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/api"
	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal"
	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/api"
	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/state"
	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage"
	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/types"
)

type parsedRespState struct {
	AuthEvents  []gomatrixserverlib.PDU
	StateEvents []gomatrixserverlib.PDU
}

func (p *parsedRespState) Events() []gomatrixserverlib.PDU {
	eventsByID := make(map[string]gomatrixserverlib.PDU, len(p.AuthEvents)+len(p.StateEvents))
	for i, event := range p.AuthEvents {
		eventsByID[event.EventID()] = p.AuthEvents[i]
	}
	for i, event := range p.StateEvents {
		eventsByID[event.EventID()] = p.StateEvents[i]
	}
	allEvents := make([]gomatrixserverlib.PDU, 0, len(eventsByID))
	for _, event := range eventsByID {
		allEvents = append(allEvents, event)
	}
	return gomatrixserverlib.ReverseTopologicalOrdering(
		gomatrixserverlib.ToPDUs(allEvents), gomatrixserverlib.TopologicalOrderByAuthEvents)
}

type missingStateReq struct {
	log             *logrus.Entry
	virtualHost     spec.ServerName
	origin          spec.ServerName
	db              storage.RoomDatabase
	roomInfo        *types.RoomInfo
	inputer         *Inputer
	keys            gomatrixserverlib.JSONVerifier
	federation      fedapi.RoomserverFederationAPI
	roomsMu         *internal.MutexByRoom
	servers         []spec.ServerName
	hadEvents       map[string]bool
	hadEventsMutex  sync.Mutex
	haveEvents      map[string]gomatrixserverlib.PDU
	haveEventsMutex sync.Mutex
}

// processEventWithMissingState is the entrypoint for a missingStateReq
// request, as called from processRoomEvent.
// nolint:gocyclo
func (t *missingStateReq) processEventWithMissingState(
	ctx context.Context, e gomatrixserverlib.PDU, roomVersion gomatrixserverlib.RoomVersion,
) (*parsedRespState, error) {
	trace, ctx := internal.StartRegion(ctx, "processEventWithMissingState")
	defer trace.EndRegion()

	// We are missing the previous events for this events.
	// This means that there is a gap in our view of the history of the
	// room. There two ways that we can handle such a gap:
	//   1) We can fill in the gap using /get_missing_events
	//   2) We can leave the gap and request the state of the room at
	//      this event from the remote server using either /state_ids
	//      or /state.
	// Synapse will attempt to do 1 and if that fails or if the gap is
	// too large then it will attempt 2.
	// Synapse will use /state_ids if possible since usually the state
	// is largely unchanged and it is more efficient to fetch a list of
	// event ids and then use /event to fetch the individual events.
	// However not all version of synapse support /state_ids so you may
	// need to fallback to /state.
	t.log = util.GetLogger(ctx).WithFields(map[string]interface{}{
		"txn_event":       e.EventID(),
		"room_id":         e.RoomID().String(),
		"txn_prev_events": e.PrevEventIDs(),
	})

	// Attempt to fill in the gap using /get_missing_events
	// This will either:
	// - fill in the gap completely then process event `e` returning no backwards extremity
	// - fail to fill in the gap and tell us to terminate the transaction err=not nil
	// - fail to fill in the gap and tell us to fetch state at the new backwards extremity, and to not terminate the transaction
	newEvents, isGapFilled, prevStatesKnown, err := t.getMissingEvents(ctx, e, roomVersion)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("t.getMissingEvents: %w", err)
	}
	if len(newEvents) == 0 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected to find missing events but didn't")
	}
	if isGapFilled {
		t.log.Infof("Gap filled by /get_missing_events, injecting %d new events", len(newEvents))
		// we can just inject all the newEvents as new as we may have only missed 1 or 2 events and have filled
		// in the gap in the DAG
		for _, newEvent := range newEvents {
			err = t.inputer.processRoomEvent(ctx, t.virtualHost, &api.InputRoomEvent{
				Kind:         api.KindOld,
				Event:        &types.HeaderedEvent{PDU: newEvent},
				Origin:       t.origin,
				SendAsServer: api.DoNotSendToOtherServers,
			})
			if err != nil {
				if _, ok := err.(types.RejectedError); !ok {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("t.inputer.processRoomEvent (filling gap): %w", err)
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// If we filled the gap *and* we know the state before the prev events
	// then there's nothing else to do, we have everything we need to deal
	// with the new event.
	if isGapFilled && prevStatesKnown {
		t.log.Infof("Gap filled and state found for all prev events")
		return nil, nil
	}

	// Otherwise, if we've reached this point, it's possible that we've
	// either not closed the gap, or we did but we still don't seem to
	// know the events before the new event. Start by looking up the
	// state at the event at the back of the gap and we'll try to roll
	// forward the state first.
	backwardsExtremity := newEvents[0]
	newEvents = newEvents[1:]

	resolvedState, err := t.lookupResolvedStateBeforeEvent(ctx, backwardsExtremity, roomVersion)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("t.lookupState (backwards extremity): %w", err)
	}

	hadEvents := map[string]bool{}
	t.hadEventsMutex.Lock()
	for k, v := range t.hadEvents {
		hadEvents[k] = v
	}
	t.hadEventsMutex.Unlock()

	sendOutliers := func(resolvedState *parsedRespState) error {
		outliers := resolvedState.Events()
		outlierRoomEvents := make([]api.InputRoomEvent, 0, len(outliers))
		for _, outlier := range outliers {
			if hadEvents[outlier.EventID()] {
				continue
			}
			outlierRoomEvents = append(outlierRoomEvents, api.InputRoomEvent{
				Kind:   api.KindOutlier,
				Event:  &types.HeaderedEvent{PDU: outlier},
				Origin: t.origin,
			})
		}
		for _, ire := range outlierRoomEvents {
			if err = t.inputer.processRoomEvent(ctx, t.virtualHost, &ire); err != nil {
				if _, ok := err.(types.RejectedError); !ok {
					return fmt.Errorf("t.inputer.processRoomEvent (outlier): %w", err)
				}
			}
		}
		return nil
	}

	// Send outliers first so we can send the state along with the new backwards
	// extremity without any missing auth events.
	if err = sendOutliers(resolvedState); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sendOutliers: %w", err)
	}

	// Now send the backward extremity into the roomserver with the
	// newly resolved state. This marks the "oldest" point in the backfill and
	// sets the baseline state for any new events after this.
	stateIDs := make([]string, 0, len(resolvedState.StateEvents))
	for _, event := range resolvedState.StateEvents {
		stateIDs = append(stateIDs, event.EventID())
	}

	err = t.inputer.processRoomEvent(ctx, t.virtualHost, &api.InputRoomEvent{
		Kind:          api.KindOld,
		Event:         &types.HeaderedEvent{PDU: backwardsExtremity},
		Origin:        t.origin,
		HasState:      true,
		StateEventIDs: stateIDs,
		SendAsServer:  api.DoNotSendToOtherServers,
	})
	if err != nil {
		if _, ok := err.(types.RejectedError); !ok {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("t.inputer.processRoomEvent (backward extremity): %w", err)
		}
	}

	// Then send all of the newer backfilled events, of which will all be newer
	// than the backward extremity, into the roomserver without state. This way
	// they will automatically fast-forward based on the room state at the
	// extremity in the last step.
	for _, newEvent := range newEvents {
		err = t.inputer.processRoomEvent(ctx, t.virtualHost, &api.InputRoomEvent{
			Kind:         api.KindOld,
			Event:        &types.HeaderedEvent{PDU: newEvent},
			Origin:       t.origin,
			SendAsServer: api.DoNotSendToOtherServers,
		})
		if err != nil {
			if _, ok := err.(types.RejectedError); !ok {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("t.inputer.processRoomEvent (fast forward): %w", err)
			}
		}
	}

	// Finally, check again if we know everything we need to know in order to
	// make forward progress. If the prev state is known then we consider the
	// rolled forward state to be sufficient — we now know all of the state
	// before the prev events. If we don't then we need to look up the state
	// before the new event as well, otherwise we will never make any progress.
	if t.isPrevStateKnown(ctx, e) {
		return nil, nil
	}

	// If we still haven't got the state for the prev events then we'll go and
	// ask the federation for it if needed.
	resolvedState, err = t.lookupResolvedStateBeforeEvent(ctx, e, roomVersion)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("t.lookupState (new event): %w", err)
	}

	// Send the outliers for the retrieved state.
	if err = sendOutliers(resolvedState); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sendOutliers: %w", err)
	}

	// Then return the resolved state, for which the caller can replace the
	// HasState with the event IDs to create a new state snapshot when we
	// process the new event.
	return resolvedState, nil
}

func (t *missingStateReq) lookupResolvedStateBeforeEvent(ctx context.Context, e gomatrixserverlib.PDU, roomVersion gomatrixserverlib.RoomVersion) (*parsedRespState, error) {
	trace, ctx := internal.StartRegion(ctx, "lookupResolvedStateBeforeEvent")
	defer trace.EndRegion()

	type respState struct {
		// A snapshot is considered trustworthy if it came from our own roomserver.
		// That's because the state will have been through state resolution once
		// already in QueryStateAfterEvent.
		trustworthy bool
		*parsedRespState
	}

	// at this point we know we're going to have a gap: we need to work out the room state at the new backwards extremity.
	// Therefore, we cannot just query /state_ids with this event to get the state before. Instead, we need to query
	// the state AFTER all the prev_events for this event, then apply state resolution to that to get the state before the event.
	var states []*respState
	var validationError error
	for _, prevEventID := range e.PrevEventIDs() {
		// Look up what the state is after the backward extremity. This will either
		// come from the roomserver, if we know all the required events, or it will
		// come from a remote server via /state_ids if not.
		prevState, trustworthy, err := t.lookupStateAfterEvent(ctx, roomVersion, e.RoomID().String(), prevEventID)
		switch err2 := err.(type) {
		case gomatrixserverlib.EventValidationError:
			if !err2.Persistable {
				return nil, err2
			}
			validationError = err2
		case nil:
		default:
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("t.lookupStateAfterEvent: %w", err)
		}
		// Append the state onto the collected state. We'll run this through the
		// state resolution next.
		states = append(states, &respState{trustworthy, prevState})
	}

	// Now that we have collected all of the state from the prev_events, we'll
	// run the state through the appropriate state resolution algorithm for the
	// room if needed. This does a couple of things:
	// 1. Ensures that the state is deduplicated fully for each state-key tuple
	// 2. Ensures that we pick the latest events from both sets, in the case that
	//    one of the prev_events is quite a bit older than the others
	resolvedState := &parsedRespState{}
	switch len(states) {
	case 0:
		extremityIsCreate := e.Type() == spec.MRoomCreate && e.StateKeyEquals("")
		if !extremityIsCreate {
			// There are no previous states and this isn't the beginning of the
			// room - this is an error condition!
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected %d states but got %d", len(e.PrevEventIDs()), len(states))
		}
	case 1:
		// There's only one previous state - if it's trustworthy (came from a
		// local state snapshot which will already have been through state res),
		// use it as-is. There's no point in resolving it again. Only trust a
		// trustworthy state snapshot if it actually contains some state for all
		// non-create events, otherwise we need to resolve what came from federation.
		isCreate := e.Type() == spec.MRoomCreate && e.StateKeyEquals("")
		if states[0].trustworthy && (isCreate || len(states[0].StateEvents) > 0) {
			resolvedState = states[0].parsedRespState
			break
		}
		// Otherwise, if it isn't trustworthy (came from federation), run it through
		// state resolution anyway for safety, in case there are duplicates.
		fallthrough
	default:
		respStates := make([]*parsedRespState, len(states))
		for i := range states {
			respStates[i] = states[i].parsedRespState
		}
		// There's more than one previous state - run them all through state res
		var err error
		t.roomsMu.Lock(e.RoomID().String())
		resolvedState, err = t.resolveStatesAndCheck(ctx, roomVersion, respStates, e)
		t.roomsMu.Unlock(e.RoomID().String())
		switch err2 := err.(type) {
		case gomatrixserverlib.EventValidationError:
			if !err2.Persistable {
				return nil, err2
			}
			validationError = err2
		case nil:
		default:
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("t.resolveStatesAndCheck: %w", err)
		}
	}

	return resolvedState, validationError
}

// lookupStateAfterEvent returns the room state after `eventID`, which is the state before eventID with the state of `eventID` (if it's a state event)
// added into the mix.
func (t *missingStateReq) lookupStateAfterEvent(ctx context.Context, roomVersion gomatrixserverlib.RoomVersion, roomID, eventID string) (*parsedRespState, bool, error) {
	trace, ctx := internal.StartRegion(ctx, "lookupStateAfterEvent")
	defer trace.EndRegion()

	// try doing all this locally before we resort to querying federation
	respState := t.lookupStateAfterEventLocally(ctx, eventID)
	if respState != nil {
		return respState, true, nil
	}

	logrus.WithContext(ctx).Warnf("State for event %s not available locally, falling back to federation (via %d servers)", eventID, len(t.servers))
	respState, err := t.lookupStateBeforeEvent(ctx, roomVersion, roomID, eventID)
	if err != nil {
		logrus.WithContext(ctx).WithError(err).Errorf("Failed to look up state before event %s", eventID)
		return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("t.lookupStateBeforeEvent: %w", err)
	}

	// fetch the event we're missing and add it to the pile
	var validationError error
	h, err := t.lookupEvent(ctx, roomVersion, roomID, eventID, false)
	switch e := err.(type) {
	case gomatrixserverlib.EventValidationError:
		if !e.Persistable {
			logrus.WithContext(ctx).WithError(err).Errorf("Failed to look up event %s", eventID)
			return nil, false, e
		}
		validationError = e
	case verifySigError:
		return respState, false, nil
	case nil:
		// do nothing
	default:
		logrus.WithContext(ctx).WithError(err).Errorf("Failed to look up event %s", eventID)
		return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("t.lookupEvent: %w", err)
	}
	h = t.cacheAndReturn(h)
	if h.StateKey() != nil {
		addedToState := false
		for i := range respState.StateEvents {
			se := respState.StateEvents[i]
			if se.Type() == h.Type() && se.StateKeyEquals(*h.StateKey()) {
				respState.StateEvents[i] = h
				addedToState = true
				break
			}
		}
		if !addedToState {
			respState.StateEvents = append(respState.StateEvents, h)
		}
	}

	return respState, false, validationError
}

func (t *missingStateReq) cacheAndReturn(ev gomatrixserverlib.PDU) gomatrixserverlib.PDU {
	t.haveEventsMutex.Lock()
	defer t.haveEventsMutex.Unlock()
	if cached, exists := t.haveEvents[ev.EventID()]; exists {
		return cached
	}
	t.haveEvents[ev.EventID()] = ev
	return ev
}

func (t *missingStateReq) lookupStateAfterEventLocally(ctx context.Context, eventID string) *parsedRespState {
	trace, ctx := internal.StartRegion(ctx, "lookupStateAfterEventLocally")
	defer trace.EndRegion()

	var res parsedRespState
	roomState := state.NewStateResolution(t.db, t.roomInfo, t.inputer.Queryer)
	stateAtEvents, err := t.db.StateAtEventIDs(ctx, []string{eventID})
	if err != nil {
		t.log.WithError(err).Warnf("failed to get state after %s locally", eventID)
		return nil
	}
	stateEntries, err := roomState.LoadCombinedStateAfterEvents(ctx, stateAtEvents)
	if err != nil {
		t.log.WithError(err).Warnf("failed to load combined state after %s locally", eventID)
		return nil
	}
	stateEventNIDs := make([]types.EventNID, 0, len(stateEntries))
	for _, entry := range stateEntries {
		stateEventNIDs = append(stateEventNIDs, entry.EventNID)
	}
	if t.roomInfo == nil {
		return nil
	}
	stateEvents, err := t.db.Events(ctx, t.roomInfo.RoomVersion, stateEventNIDs)
	if err != nil {
		t.log.WithError(err).Warnf("failed to load state events locally")
		return nil
	}
	res.StateEvents = make([]gomatrixserverlib.PDU, 0, len(stateEvents))
	for _, ev := range stateEvents {
		// set the event from the haveEvents cache - this means we will share pointers with other prev_event branches for this
		// processEvent request, which is better for memory.
		res.StateEvents = append(res.StateEvents, t.cacheAndReturn(ev.PDU))
		t.hadEvent(ev.EventID())
	}

	// encourage GC
	stateEvents, stateEventNIDs, stateEntries, stateAtEvents = nil, nil, nil, nil // nolint:ineffassign

	missingAuthEvents := map[string]bool{}
	res.AuthEvents = make([]gomatrixserverlib.PDU, 0, len(stateEvents)*3)
	for _, ev := range stateEvents {
		t.haveEventsMutex.Lock()
		for _, ae := range ev.AuthEventIDs() {
			if aev, ok := t.haveEvents[ae]; ok {
				res.AuthEvents = append(res.AuthEvents, aev)
			} else {
				missingAuthEvents[ae] = true
			}
		}
		t.haveEventsMutex.Unlock()
	}
	// QueryStateAfterEvents does not return the auth events, so fetch them now. We know the roomserver has them else it wouldn't
	// have stored the event.
	if len(missingAuthEvents) > 0 {
		var missingEventList []string
		for evID := range missingAuthEvents {
			missingEventList = append(missingEventList, evID)
		}
		t.log.WithField("count", len(missingEventList)).Debugf("Fetching missing auth events")
		events, err := t.db.EventsFromIDs(ctx, t.roomInfo, missingEventList)
		if err != nil {
			return nil
		}
		for i, ev := range events {
			res.AuthEvents = append(res.AuthEvents, t.cacheAndReturn(events[i].PDU))
			t.hadEvent(ev.EventID())
		}
	}

	return &res
}

// lookuptStateBeforeEvent returns the room state before the event e, which is just /state_ids and/or /state depending on what
// the server supports.
func (t *missingStateReq) lookupStateBeforeEvent(ctx context.Context, roomVersion gomatrixserverlib.RoomVersion, roomID, eventID string) (
	*parsedRespState, error) {
	trace, ctx := internal.StartRegion(ctx, "lookupStateBeforeEvent")
	defer trace.EndRegion()

	// Attempt to fetch the missing state using /state_ids and /events
	return t.lookupMissingStateViaStateIDs(ctx, roomID, eventID, roomVersion)
}

func (t *missingStateReq) resolveStatesAndCheck(ctx context.Context, roomVersion gomatrixserverlib.RoomVersion, states []*parsedRespState, backwardsExtremity gomatrixserverlib.PDU) (*parsedRespState, error) {
	trace, ctx := internal.StartRegion(ctx, "resolveStatesAndCheck")
	defer trace.EndRegion()

	var authEventList []gomatrixserverlib.PDU
	var stateEventList []gomatrixserverlib.PDU
	for _, state := range states {
		authEventList = append(authEventList, state.AuthEvents...)
		stateEventList = append(stateEventList, state.StateEvents...)
	}
	resolvedStateEvents, err := gomatrixserverlib.ResolveConflicts(
		roomVersion, gomatrixserverlib.ToPDUs(stateEventList), gomatrixserverlib.ToPDUs(authEventList), func(roomID spec.RoomID, senderID spec.SenderID) (*spec.UserID, error) {
			return t.inputer.Queryer.QueryUserIDForSender(ctx, roomID, senderID)
		},
		func(eventID string) bool {
			isRejected, err := t.db.IsEventRejected(ctx, t.roomInfo.RoomNID, eventID)
			if err != nil {
				return true
			}
			return isRejected
		},
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	// apply the current event
	var validationError error
retryAllowedState:
	if err = checkAllowedByState(backwardsExtremity, resolvedStateEvents, func(roomID spec.RoomID, senderID spec.SenderID) (*spec.UserID, error) {
		return t.inputer.Queryer.QueryUserIDForSender(ctx, roomID, senderID)
	}); err != nil {
		switch missing := err.(type) {
		case gomatrixserverlib.MissingAuthEventError:
			h, err2 := t.lookupEvent(ctx, roomVersion, backwardsExtremity.RoomID().String(), missing.AuthEventID, true)
			switch e := err2.(type) {
			case gomatrixserverlib.EventValidationError:
				if !e.Persistable {
					return nil, e
				}
				validationError = e
			case verifySigError:
				return &parsedRespState{
					AuthEvents:  authEventList,
					StateEvents: resolvedStateEvents,
				}, nil
			case nil:
				// do nothing
			default:
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing auth event %s and failed to look it up: %w", missing.AuthEventID, err2)
			}
			t.log.Tracef("fetched event %s", missing.AuthEventID)
			resolvedStateEvents = append(resolvedStateEvents, h)
			goto retryAllowedState
		default:
		}
		return nil, err
	}
	return &parsedRespState{
		AuthEvents:  authEventList,
		StateEvents: resolvedStateEvents,
	}, validationError
}

// get missing events for `e`. If `isGapFilled`=true then `newEvents` contains all the events to inject,
// without `e`. If `isGapFilled=false` then `newEvents` contains the response to /get_missing_events
func (t *missingStateReq) getMissingEvents(ctx context.Context, e gomatrixserverlib.PDU, roomVersion gomatrixserverlib.RoomVersion) (newEvents []gomatrixserverlib.PDU, isGapFilled, prevStateKnown bool, err error) {
	trace, ctx := internal.StartRegion(ctx, "getMissingEvents")
	defer trace.EndRegion()

	logger := t.log.WithField("event_id", e.EventID()).WithField("room_id", e.RoomID().String())
	latest, _, _, err := t.db.LatestEventIDs(ctx, t.roomInfo.RoomNID)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, false, false, fmt.Errorf("t.DB.LatestEventIDs: %w", err)
	}
	latestEvents := make([]string, len(latest))
	for i := range latest {
		latestEvents[i] = latest[i]
		t.hadEvent(latest[i])
	}

	var missingResp *fclient.RespMissingEvents
	for _, server := range t.servers {
		var m fclient.RespMissingEvents
		if m, err = t.federation.LookupMissingEvents(ctx, t.virtualHost, server, e.RoomID().String(), fclient.MissingEvents{
			Limit: 20,
			// The latest event IDs that the sender already has. These are skipped when retrieving the previous events of latest_events.
			EarliestEvents: latestEvents,
			// The event IDs to retrieve the previous events for.
			LatestEvents: []string{e.EventID()},
		}, roomVersion); err == nil {
			missingResp = &m
			break
		} else {
			logger.WithError(err).Warnf("%s pushed us an event but %q did not respond to /get_missing_events", t.origin, server)
			if errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
				select {
				case <-ctx.Done(): // the parent request context timed out
					return nil, false, false, context.DeadlineExceeded
				default: // this request exceed its own timeout
					continue
				}
			}
		}
	}

	if missingResp == nil {
		logger.WithError(err).Warnf(
			"%s pushed us an event but %d server(s) couldn't give us details about prev_events via /get_missing_events - dropping this event until it can",
			t.origin, len(t.servers),
		)
		return nil, false, false, missingPrevEventsError{
			eventID: e.EventID(),
			err:     err,
		}
	}

	// Make sure events from the missingResp are using the cache - missing events
	// will be added and duplicates will be removed.
	missingEvents := make([]gomatrixserverlib.PDU, 0, len(missingResp.Events))
	for _, ev := range missingResp.Events.UntrustedEvents(roomVersion) {
		if err = gomatrixserverlib.VerifyEventSignatures(ctx, ev, t.keys, func(roomID spec.RoomID, senderID spec.SenderID) (*spec.UserID, error) {
			return t.inputer.Queryer.QueryUserIDForSender(ctx, roomID, senderID)
		}); err != nil {
			continue
		}
		missingEvents = append(missingEvents, t.cacheAndReturn(ev))
	}
	logger.Debugf("get_missing_events returned %d events (%d passed signature checks)", len(missingResp.Events), len(missingEvents))

	// topologically sort and sanity check that we are making forward progress
	newEvents = gomatrixserverlib.ReverseTopologicalOrdering(
		gomatrixserverlib.ToPDUs(missingEvents), gomatrixserverlib.TopologicalOrderByPrevEvents)
	shouldHaveSomeEventIDs := e.PrevEventIDs()
	hasPrevEvent := false
Event:
	for _, pe := range shouldHaveSomeEventIDs {
		for _, ev := range newEvents {
			if ev.EventID() == pe {
				hasPrevEvent = true
				break Event
			}
		}
	}
	if !hasPrevEvent {
		err = fmt.Errorf("called /get_missing_events but server %s didn't return any prev_events with IDs %v", t.origin, shouldHaveSomeEventIDs)
		logger.WithError(err).Warnf(
			"%s pushed us an event but couldn't give us details about prev_events via /get_missing_events - dropping this event until it can",
			t.origin,
		)
		return nil, false, false, missingPrevEventsError{
			eventID: e.EventID(),
			err:     err,
		}
	}
	if len(newEvents) == 0 {
		return nil, false, false, nil // TODO: error instead?
	}

	earliestNewEvent := newEvents[0]

	// If we retrieved back to the beginning of the room then there's nothing else
	// to do - we closed the gap.
	if len(earliestNewEvent.PrevEventIDs()) == 0 && earliestNewEvent.Type() == spec.MRoomCreate && earliestNewEvent.StateKeyEquals("") {
		return newEvents, true, t.isPrevStateKnown(ctx, e), nil
	}

	// If our backward extremity was not a known event to us then we obviously didn't
	// close the gap.
	if state, err := t.db.StateAtEventIDs(ctx, []string{earliestNewEvent.EventID()}); err != nil || len(state) == 0 && state[0].BeforeStateSnapshotNID == 0 {
		return newEvents, false, false, nil
	}

	// At this point we are satisfied that we know the state both at the earliest
	// retrieved event and at the prev events of the new event.
	return newEvents, true, t.isPrevStateKnown(ctx, e), nil
}

func (t *missingStateReq) isPrevStateKnown(ctx context.Context, e gomatrixserverlib.PDU) bool {
	expected := len(e.PrevEventIDs())
	state, err := t.db.StateAtEventIDs(ctx, e.PrevEventIDs())
	if err != nil || len(state) != expected {
		// We didn't get as many state snapshots as we expected, or there was an error,
		// so we haven't completely solved the problem for the new event.
		return false
	}
	// Check to see if we have a populated state snapshot for all of the prev events.
	for _, stateAtEvent := range state {
		if stateAtEvent.BeforeStateSnapshotNID == 0 {
			// One of the prev events still has unknown state, so we haven't really
			// solved the problem.
			return false
		}
	}
	return true
}

func (t *missingStateReq) lookupMissingStateViaState(
	ctx context.Context, roomID, eventID string, roomVersion gomatrixserverlib.RoomVersion,
) (respState *parsedRespState, err error) {
	trace, ctx := internal.StartRegion(ctx, "lookupMissingStateViaState")
	defer trace.EndRegion()

	state, err := t.federation.LookupState(ctx, t.virtualHost, t.origin, roomID, eventID, roomVersion)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Check that the returned state is valid.
	authEvents, stateEvents, err := gomatrixserverlib.CheckStateResponse(ctx, &fclient.RespState{
		StateEvents: state.GetStateEvents(),
		AuthEvents:  state.GetAuthEvents(),
	}, roomVersion, t.keys, nil, func(roomID spec.RoomID, senderID spec.SenderID) (*spec.UserID, error) {
		return t.inputer.Queryer.QueryUserIDForSender(ctx, roomID, senderID)
	})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return &parsedRespState{
		AuthEvents:  authEvents,
		StateEvents: stateEvents,
	}, nil
}

func (t *missingStateReq) lookupMissingStateViaStateIDs(ctx context.Context, roomID, eventID string, roomVersion gomatrixserverlib.RoomVersion) (
	*parsedRespState, error) {
	trace, ctx := internal.StartRegion(ctx, "lookupMissingStateViaStateIDs")
	defer trace.EndRegion()

	t.log.Infof("lookupMissingStateViaStateIDs %s", eventID)
	// fetch the state event IDs at the time of the event
	var stateIDs gomatrixserverlib.StateIDResponse
	var err error
	count := 0
	totalctx, totalcancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Minute*5)
	for _, serverName := range t.servers {
		reqctx, reqcancel := context.WithTimeout(totalctx, time.Second*20)
		stateIDs, err = t.federation.LookupStateIDs(reqctx, t.virtualHost, serverName, roomID, eventID)
		reqcancel()
		if err == nil {
			break
		}
		count++
	}
	totalcancel()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("t.federation.LookupStateIDs tried %d server(s), last error: %w", count, err)
	}
	// work out which auth/state IDs are missing
	wantIDs := append(stateIDs.GetStateEventIDs(), stateIDs.GetAuthEventIDs()...)
	missing := make(map[string]bool)
	var missingEventList []string
	t.haveEventsMutex.Lock()
	for _, sid := range wantIDs {
		if _, ok := t.haveEvents[sid]; !ok {
			if !missing[sid] {
				missing[sid] = true
				missingEventList = append(missingEventList, sid)
			}
		}
	}
	t.haveEventsMutex.Unlock()

	events, err := t.db.EventsFromIDs(ctx, t.roomInfo, missingEventList)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("t.db.EventsFromIDs: %w", err)
	}

	for i, ev := range events {
		events[i].PDU = t.cacheAndReturn(events[i].PDU)
		t.hadEvent(ev.EventID())
		evID := events[i].EventID()
		if missing[evID] {
			delete(missing, evID)
		}
	}

	// encourage GC
	events = nil // nolint:ineffassign

	concurrentRequests := 8
	missingCount := len(missing)
	t.log.WithField("event_id", eventID).Debugf("lookupMissingStateViaStateIDs missing %d/%d events", missingCount, len(wantIDs))

	// If over 50% of the auth/state events from /state_ids are missing
	// then we'll just call /state instead, otherwise we'll just end up
	// hammering the remote side with /event requests unnecessarily.
	if missingCount > concurrentRequests && missingCount > len(wantIDs)/2 {
		t.log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
			"missing":           missingCount,
			"event_id":          eventID,
			"total_state":       len(stateIDs.GetStateEventIDs()),
			"total_auth_events": len(stateIDs.GetAuthEventIDs()),
		}).Debug("Fetching all state at event")
		return t.lookupMissingStateViaState(ctx, roomID, eventID, roomVersion)
	}

	if missingCount > 0 {
		t.log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
			"missing":             missingCount,
			"event_id":            eventID,
			"total_state":         len(stateIDs.GetStateEventIDs()),
			"total_auth_events":   len(stateIDs.GetAuthEventIDs()),
			"concurrent_requests": concurrentRequests,
		}).Debug("Fetching missing state at event")

		// Create a queue containing all of the missing event IDs that we want
		// to retrieve.
		pending := make(chan string, missingCount)
		for missingEventID := range missing {
			pending <- missingEventID
		}
		close(pending)

		// Define how many workers we should start to do this.
		if missingCount < concurrentRequests {
			concurrentRequests = missingCount
		}

		// Create the wait group.
		var fetchgroup sync.WaitGroup
		fetchgroup.Add(concurrentRequests)

		// This is the only place where we'll write to t.haveEvents from
		// multiple goroutines, and everywhere else is blocked on this
		// synchronous function anyway.
		var haveEventsMutex sync.Mutex

		// Define what we'll do in order to fetch the missing event ID.
		fetch := func(missingEventID string) {
			h, herr := t.lookupEvent(ctx, roomVersion, roomID, missingEventID, false)
			switch e := herr.(type) {
			case gomatrixserverlib.EventValidationError:
				if !e.Persistable {
					return
				}
			case verifySigError:
				return
			case nil:
				break
			default:
				t.log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
					"missing_event_id": missingEventID,
				}).WithError(herr).Warn("Failed to fetch missing event")
				return
			}
			haveEventsMutex.Lock()
			t.cacheAndReturn(h)
			haveEventsMutex.Unlock()
		}

		// Create the worker.
		worker := func(ch <-chan string) {
			defer fetchgroup.Done()
			for missingEventID := range ch {
				fetch(missingEventID)
			}
		}

		// Start the workers.
		for i := 0; i < concurrentRequests; i++ {
			go worker(pending)
		}

		// Wait for the workers to finish.
		fetchgroup.Wait()
	}

	resp, err := t.createRespStateFromStateIDs(stateIDs)
	return resp, err
}

func (t *missingStateReq) createRespStateFromStateIDs(
	stateIDs gomatrixserverlib.StateIDResponse,
) (*parsedRespState, error) { // nolint:unparam
	t.haveEventsMutex.Lock()
	defer t.haveEventsMutex.Unlock()

	// create a RespState response using the response to /state_ids as a guide
	respState := parsedRespState{}

	stateEventIDs := stateIDs.GetStateEventIDs()
	authEventIDs := stateIDs.GetAuthEventIDs()
	for i := range stateEventIDs {
		ev, ok := t.haveEvents[stateEventIDs[i]]
		if !ok {
			logrus.Tracef("Missing state event in createRespStateFromStateIDs: %s", stateEventIDs[i])
			continue
		}
		respState.StateEvents = append(respState.StateEvents, ev)
	}
	for i := range authEventIDs {
		ev, ok := t.haveEvents[authEventIDs[i]]
		if !ok {
			logrus.Tracef("Missing auth event in createRespStateFromStateIDs: %s", authEventIDs[i])
			continue
		}
		respState.AuthEvents = append(respState.AuthEvents, ev)
	}
	// We purposefully do not do auth checks on the returned events, as they will still
	// be processed in the exact same way, just as a 'rejected' event
	// TODO: Add a field to HeaderedEvent to indicate if the event is rejected.
	return &respState, nil
}

func (t *missingStateReq) lookupEvent(ctx context.Context, roomVersion gomatrixserverlib.RoomVersion, _, missingEventID string, localFirst bool) (gomatrixserverlib.PDU, error) {
	trace, ctx := internal.StartRegion(ctx, "lookupEvent")
	defer trace.EndRegion()

	verImpl, err := gomatrixserverlib.GetRoomVersion(roomVersion)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if localFirst {
		// fetch from the roomserver
		events, err := t.db.EventsFromIDs(ctx, t.roomInfo, []string{missingEventID})
		if err != nil {
			t.log.Warnf("Failed to query roomserver for missing event %s: %s - falling back to remote", missingEventID, err)
		} else if len(events) == 1 {
			return events[0].PDU, nil
		}
	}
	var event gomatrixserverlib.PDU
	found := false
	var validationError error
serverLoop:
	for _, serverName := range t.servers {
		reqctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Second*30)
		defer cancel()
		txn, err := t.federation.GetEvent(reqctx, t.virtualHost, serverName, missingEventID)
		if err != nil || len(txn.PDUs) == 0 {
			t.log.WithError(err).WithField("missing_event_id", missingEventID).Warn("Failed to get missing /event for event ID")
			if errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
				select {
				case <-reqctx.Done(): // this server took too long
					continue
				case <-ctx.Done(): // the input request timed out
					return nil, context.DeadlineExceeded
				}
			}
			continue
		}
		event, err = verImpl.NewEventFromUntrustedJSON(txn.PDUs[0])
		switch e := err.(type) {
		case gomatrixserverlib.EventValidationError:
			// If the event is persistable, e.g. failed validation for exceeding
			// byte sizes, we can "accept" the event.
			if e.Persistable {
				validationError = e
				found = true
				break serverLoop
			}
			// If we can't persist the event, we probably can't do so with results
			// from other servers, so also break the loop.
			break serverLoop
		case nil:
			found = true
			break serverLoop
		default:
			t.log.WithError(err).WithField("missing_event_id", missingEventID).Warnf("Failed to parse event JSON of event returned from /event")
			continue
		}
	}
	if !found {
		t.log.WithField("missing_event_id", missingEventID).Warnf("Failed to get missing /event for event ID from %d server(s)", len(t.servers))
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("wasn't able to find event via %d server(s)", len(t.servers))
	}
	if err := gomatrixserverlib.VerifyEventSignatures(ctx, event, t.keys, func(roomID spec.RoomID, senderID spec.SenderID) (*spec.UserID, error) {
		return t.inputer.Queryer.QueryUserIDForSender(ctx, roomID, senderID)
	}); err != nil {
		t.log.WithError(err).Warnf("Couldn't validate signature of event %q from /event", event.EventID())
		return nil, verifySigError{event.EventID(), err}
	}
	return t.cacheAndReturn(event), validationError
}

func checkAllowedByState(e gomatrixserverlib.PDU, stateEvents []gomatrixserverlib.PDU, userIDForSender spec.UserIDForSender) error {
	authUsingState := gomatrixserverlib.NewAuthEvents(nil)
	for i := range stateEvents {
		err := authUsingState.AddEvent(stateEvents[i])
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return gomatrixserverlib.Allowed(e, &authUsingState, userIDForSender)
}

func (t *missingStateReq) hadEvent(eventID string) {
	t.hadEventsMutex.Lock()
	defer t.hadEventsMutex.Unlock()
	t.hadEvents[eventID] = true
}

type verifySigError struct {
	eventID string
	err     error
}
type missingPrevEventsError struct {
	eventID string
	err     error
}

func (e verifySigError) Error() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("unable to verify signature of event %q: %s", e.eventID, e.err)
}
func (e missingPrevEventsError) Error() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("unable to get prev_events for event %q: %s", e.eventID, e.err)
}
