
  ONE OF THE GREWATEST PROGRAMMERS ALIVE
  SAW A FUTURE WHERE ALL SOFTWARE WAS FREE.
  THEN REALITY SET IN...

         After nine years, people still don't get it. "The word 'Free'
doesn't refer to price; it refers to freedom," said Richard Stallman;
president ofthe Free Software Fouzndation.

         Must software these days is sold in shrink-wrapped cardboard
boxes, often for hundreds of dollars. For that, you get a floppy disk
containing a program that the computer can execute, but which can't be
modified. Companies keep their source-code the actual language in which
programmers write a closely guarded secret.

         Stallman's vision of freedom is software that has no secrets. It
comes complete with source code so that anyone who gets it can take it
apart, see how it works, and make changes. But most important, people can
share free software with their friends just by making a copy without
having to pay royalties, shareware fees, or any thing at all.

         In the shrink-wrapped world, that's called piracy. In Stallman's
world, it's called being a good neighbor. " I don't think that people
shonld ever make promises not to share with their neighbor," he said.

          Stallman was always a champion of free software. Throughout the
1970s, he was one of the most prolific members of the MIT Artificial
Intelligence Laboratory, and one of many exuberant hackers who thought
that pow-erful computers, free software and free information wonld change
society. Then in 1982 he saw the Lab's premier operating system licensed
to a computer company and turned into a proprietary tool for making money.

          Stallman fought back. He qnit his job and started Project GNU.
The goal: create a free operating system that people could use and improve
and, in so doing, establish a worldwide community of people sharing
software. Stallman chose to model his effort on AT&T's proprietary Unix
operating system, which was beginning to take the computer world by storm.
lHence the project's tail-chasing name: GNU's Not Unix. Working day and
night for two years, Stallman created EMACS, an extensible text editor fnr
Unix. That same year, Stallman incorporated the Free Software Foundation,
the world's only charitable non-proft organization with the mission
ofdeveloping free sofiware. Because FSF sold EMACS in source-code form,
people around the world started making additions to the program and
porting it to different manufacturer's computers. Today, EMACS is a
mammoth system that helps a person do everything from read electronic mail
to develop software. Because of its popularity, many computer companies,
including IBM, Digital Equipment Corp., and Hewlett Packard include it as
standard software with their Unix operating systems.

          Since then, the GNU project has finished dozens of other
programs. Halfthe work has been done by volunteers who have written
programming tools, a free implementation of the PostScript language, and a
C++ code compiler, among others. The foundation has attracted more than
$350,000 in grants from private companies, money that allows Stallman to
hire a stafi ofprogrammers and technical writers.

          FST also makes money by selling manuals for its programs and
computer tapes containing "free" software. Selling free software is not a
contradiction, Stallman insists: People who buy the tapes are free to make
copies of them and give them to friends, sell them at a profit, or sell
support for the software. One company that has done just that is the Palo
Altobased Cygnus Support, which has prospered selling support for GNU
software to major corporations. In the ld5t yl;dY', Cygnus has grown to 32
employees, moved to new offices in Mountain View, Calif., and opened a
branch office in Cambridge, Mass.

          But lately, things seem to have bogged down for Project GNU.
Stallman learned long ago not to make promises about delivery dates. This
winter, FSF will release EMACS version 19 nearly three years later than
originally planned. And the basic GNU operating system has been delayed
for two years by Stallman's decision to base it upon the Mach microkernel
developed at Carnegie 'Mellon University (university lawyers have spent
most of those two years working out terms for the software license, said
Len Tower, a member ofthe FSF board of directors).

          Although the original Unix operating system was written in less
than a year by two programmers at AT&T's Bell Laboratories, the system
that Stallman is trying to clone has been evolving for more than 20 years.
'"He's trying to build a complete system. That is just a tremendous
undertaking, said Keith Bostic, the No. 2 person at the University of
California at Berkeley's Computer Systems ftesearch Group, which oversees
Berkeley's own brand of Unix.

          In the meantime, two competing Unix clones have appeared on the
market. But both of those systems are limited to personal computers using
Intel's 80386 chip, while the GNU operating system is designed to be
portable.

          Ironically, the problem now is money the very thing that
Stallman is trying to avoid. Predictably, it's hard to sell tapes tn
people when they can easily acquire the software free. In better economic
times, customers were willing to pay the FSF for a tape as a sort of
charitable contribution; but recently those good Samaritans have
disappeared. And FSF's grants, which once accounted for half of the
foundation's income, have dried up. "`There's a recession on," said Lisa
Goldstein, the foundation's business director. Last year the FSF was
forced to lay off three ofits 15 full-time employees.

          Things have gone much better for the fast-growing Cygnus. "The
real difference is that we are running a company," said Cygnus president
Michael Tiemann. One reason, Tiemann said, is that Cygnus "`is willing to
hire managers, sales people, marketing people, administrative support, and
pay all of these people very well for doing a good job. My view ofthe FSF
is that [Stallman] does not believe in managers because he views them as
overhead leeches on his operation."

          Stallman counters that while Cygnus has made signifcant
contributions to GNU, the company exists not to further the cause of free
snftware, but to make money by serving the needs of its clients. "Serving
them is not a bad thing, but it is tangential to the goal of the GNU
project," Stallman said. "FSF spends its money specifically on advancing
GNU."

          The point, according to Hal Abelson, a professor at MIT and a
FSF board member, is to finish GNU, not to make money. "FSF never had any
purpose other than to make the GNU operating system," he said. "'As far as
I am concerned, if it makes this GNU OS and then closes down, it will have
been a complete success."


